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This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 1501. |
What is blood ? Describe it\'s components |
| Answer» Blood is a fluid connective tissue that consists of plasma, blood cells and platelets. It circulates throughout our body delivering oxygen and nutrients to various cells and tissues.\xa0It makes up 8% of our body weight. An average adult possesses around 5-6 litres of blood.PlasmaThe liquid state of blood can be contributed to plasma as it makes up ~55% of blood. It is pale yellow in colour and when separated, it consists of salts, nutrients, water and enzymes. Blood plasma also contains important proteins and other components necessary for overall health. Hence, blood plasma transfusions are given to patients with liver failure and life-threatening injuries.Red Blood Cells (RBC)Red blood cells consist of Haemoglobin, a protein. They are produced by the bone marrow to primarily carry oxygen to the body and carbon dioxide away from it.White Blood Cells (WBC)White blood cells are responsible for fighting foreign pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi) that enter our body. They circulate throughout our body and originate from the bone marrow.PlateletsTiny disc-shaped cells that help regulate blood flow when any part of the body is damaged, thereby aiding in fast recovery through clotting of blood. | |
| 1502. |
What do you understand by means of blood grouping?Discuss. |
| Answer» \tTwo blood groupings are done\tABO and\tRhABO grouping\tABO grouping is based on the presence or absence of two surface antigen on the RBCs namely A and B.\tThe plasma of different individuals contains two natural antibodies.\tThe distribution of antigens and antibodies in the four groups of blood, A, B, AB and O.\tThe blood of a donor has to be carefully matched with the blood of a recipient before any blood transfusion to avoid severe problems of clumping, which leads to destruction of RBC.\tGroup ‘O’ blood can be donated to persons with any other blood group and hence ‘O’ group individuals are called ‘universal donors’.\tPersons with ‘AB’ group can accept blood from persons with AB as well as the other groups of blood, and such persons are called ‘universal recipients’.Rh grouping\tThe Rh antigen similar to one present in Rhesus monkeys is also observed on the surface of RBCs of majority of humans, hence the antigen is known as Rh antigen.\tThe individuals having Rh antigen are called\xa0Rh positive (Rh+ve)\xa0and those in whom this antigen is absent are called\xa0Rh negative (Rh-ve).\tAn Rh-ve person, if exposed to Rh+ve blood, will form specific antibodies against the Rh antigens, and hence Rh group should also be matched before transfusions.\tA special case of Rh incompatibility has been observed between the Rh-ve blood of a pregnant mother with Rh+ve blood of the foetus , which leads to a disease known as\xa0erythroblastosis foetalis.\tRh antigens of the foetus do not get exposed to the Rh-ve blood of the mother in the first pregnancy as the two bloods are well separated by the placenta, during the delivery of the first child, maternal blood may get exposed to small amounts of the Rh+ve blood from the foetus and the mother starts preparing antibodies against Rh in her blood.\tIn case of subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antibodies from the mother (Rh-ve) can leak into the blood of the foetus (Rh+ve) and destroy the foetal RBCs, which cause severe anaemia and jaundice to the baby leading to a condition known\xa0erythroblastosis foetalis.\tErythroblastosis foetalis can be avoided by administering anti-Rh antibodies to the mother immediately after the delivery of the first child. | |
| 1503. |
What is blood? Describe its components . |
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Answer» Blodd us a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix. It\'s components are.. PlasmaWbcRbcPlatelets \tBlood is a special connective tissue consisting of a fluid matrix, plasma, and formed elements.There are many cellular structures in the composition of blood. When a sample of blood is spun in a centrifuge machine, they separate into the following constituents: Plasma, buffy coat and erythrocytes.PlasmaThe liquid state of blood can be contributed to plasma as it makes up ~55% of blood. It is pale yellow in colour and when separated, it consists of salts, nutrients, water and enzymes. Blood plasma also contains important proteins and other components necessary for overall health. Hence, blood plasma transfusions are given to patients with liver failure and life-threatening injuries.Red Blood Cells (RBC)Red blood cells consist of Haemoglobin, a protein. They are produced by the bone marrow to primarily carry oxygen to the body and carbon dioxide away from it.White Blood Cells (WBC)White blood cells are responsible for fighting foreign pathogens (such as bacteria, viruses, fungi) that enter our body. They circulate throughout our body and originate from the bone marrow.PlateletsTiny disc-shaped cells that help regulate blood flow when any part of the body is damaged, thereby aiding in fast recovery through clotting of blood. |
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| 1504. |
What is the graveyard of RBV |
| Answer» Spleen has a similar structure to a large lymph node, which primarily functions as a blood filter. The spleen plays an important role in the red blood cells also known as aserythrocytes and the digestive system. Old and damaged RBC’s are destroyed in the spleen and It is known as the RBCs Graveyard.Function of spleen :\tThe spleen is the largest organ of the lymphatic system. It keeps all the body fluids balanced.\tIt is made up of a red pulp tissue that filters the old and damaged red blood cells.\tThe important function of the spleen is to filter the blood. The spleen recycles the old and damaged red blood cells and the white blood cells are stored.\tSpleen\xa0also helps to fight against bacteria that cause diseases such as meningitis and pneumonia. | |
| 1505. |
classify the flowers based on the position of gynoecium with respect to other floral parts |
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Answer» Sahi h Haa Based on the position of the ovary flowers are categorized to 3 types they are: Hypogynous, Epigynous, and Perigynous flowers.Hypogynous: Flowers in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached below the ovary are called hypogynous, and the ovaries of such flowers are said to be superior.\xa0Eg: tomato, tulip, and snapdragon.Epigynous: Flowers in which the sepals, petals, and stamens appear to be attached to the upper part of the ovary due to the fusion of the hypanthium are called epigynous, and the ovaries of such flowers are said to be inferior. Eg: daffodilPerigynous: Flowers types in which the hypanthium forms a cuplike or tubular structure that partly surrounds the ovary are called perigynous. In such flowers, the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the rim of the hypanthium, and the ovaries of such flowers are superior.\xa0Eg: cherry, Prunus |
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| 1506. |
Number of cells in human body |
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Answer» 37.2 trillion cells 6000 |
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| 1507. |
What is chemical bond......?? |
| Answer» A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds. The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds. | |
| 1508. |
What are macromolecules |
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Answer» Macromolecules are basically polymers, long chains of molecular sub-units called monomers. Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are found as long polymers. Due to their polymeric nature and large size, they are known as macromolecules. The large complex molecules having molecular weights more than one thousand Dalton which occur in colloidal state in the intercellular fluid are called macromolecules. They are formed by the polymerization of low molecular weight micromolecules. For example: Polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, etc. |
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| 1509. |
How is aqi helpful in the identification and classification of an organism |
| Answer» Key is a taxonomical aid that helps in the identification of plant and animal species. These keys are based on similarities and dissimilarities in characters, generally in a pair called a couplet. Each statement in a taxonomic key is referred to as a lead.\xa0It is also useful in the identification of unknown organisms. | |
| 1510. |
Expand PPLO??. |
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Answer» Pleuron pneumonia-like organisms The full form of PPLO is Pleuron pneumonia-like organisms and the term used to describe the mycoplasmas. PPLO is the smallest cell or organism with the size of between 0.1 and 0.3 mm. Mycoplasma has included species discovered from pleural fluid of cattle suffering from pleuropneumonia. The full form of PPLO is Pleuron pneumonia-like organisms |
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| 1511. |
Study of tissue....? |
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Answer» Histology The study of tissue is called as histology study of forms and shapes of any living thing is called morphology study of the internal cellular organs or parts of any living thing is called anatomy. Pathophysiology or physiopathology is a convergence of pathology with physiology. \tTissues are organized in specific proportion and pattern to form an organ. Examples- stomach, lung, heart and kidney.\tWhen two or more organs perform a common function by their physical and/or chemical interaction, they together form organ system. Examples- digestive system, respiratory system, etc.\tCells, tissues, organs and organ systems exhibit division of labor for the survival of the whole body. |
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| 1512. |
What is gram positive |
| Answer» The gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet colour and stains purple whereas the gram-negative bacteria lose crystal violet and stain red. Thus, the two types of bacteria are distinguished by gram staining. | |
| 1513. |
Name the protein which is most abundant in the animal world and plant world |
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Answer» Collagen The\xa0most abundant protein\xa0present in the\xa0animal world\xa0is collagen.Collagen: - It is a\xa0protein\xa0made from amino acids, specifically glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and arginine.\xa0In\xa0plants, the\xa0most abundant protein\xa0is Rubisco. |
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| 1514. |
epithelium arise over connective tissue with out the bas ment membrance |
| Answer» False | |
| 1515. |
What is the net gain of atp in glycolysis? |
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Answer» Can you pls explain how net gain of atp is 2? Glycolysis is the first stage of the breakdown of glucose in the cell. During glycolysis 2 ATP molecules are used up and four ATP molecules are generated. In the entire process of glycolysis, two NADH₂ molecules are also generated. When these molecules undergo ETS they will form 3 ATP per NADH₂ which means 6 ATP. Therefore the total ATP that are forming are 10 and as 2 ATP is used up the net gain will be 8. In glycolysis, two molecules of ATP are consumed initially in converting glucose to fructose 1, 6-bisphosphate. Two triose phosphate molecules are formed from one glucose molecules. Four molecules of ATP are produced at substrate level phosphorylation. Therefore, net gain of ATP is\xa02ATP×2−2ATP=2. |
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| 1516. |
Give the adaptation in birds for flying |
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Answer» Flight adaptations found in birds(i) Body is streamlined to reduce air resistance during flight.(ii) Four limbs are modified into wings.(iii) Wings have long quill feathers to increase the efficiency of heating of wings,(iv) Pneumatic bones are present to reduce the body weight.(v) High metabolic rate to provide energy.(vi) Air sacs present in lungs help in double respiration. Flight adaptations in birds(i) Boat-shaped body helps to propel through the air easily.(ii) Feathery covering of body to reduce the friction of air.(iii) Holding the twigs automatically by hindlimbs.(iv) Extremely powerful muscles that enables the wings to work during flight.(v) Bones are light, hollow and provide more space for muscle attachment. Presence of pneumatic bones which reduce the weight of body and help in flight.(vi) The first four thoracic vertebrae are fused to form a furculum for walking of the wings.(vii) Lungs are solid and elastic and have associated air sacs.(viii) The power of accommodation of eyes is well developed due to the presence of comb-like structure pecten. (ix) A single left ovary and oviduct to reduce the body weight. |
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| 1517. |
Explain regulation of respiration ( class 11 ) |
| Answer» REGULATION OF RESPIRATION\tA specialised centre present in the medulla region of the brain called\xa0respiratory rhythm centre\xa0is primarily responsible for this regulation.\tAnother centre present in the pons region of the brain called\xa0pneumotaxic centre\xa0can moderate the functions of the respiratory rhythm centre.\tNeural signal from this centre can reduce the duration of inspiration and thereby alter the respiratory rate.\tA chemosensitive area is situated adjacent to the rhythm centre which is highly sensitive to CO2\xa0and hydrogen ions.\tReceptors associated with aortic arch and carotid artery also can recognise changes in CO2\xa0and H+\xa0concentration and send necessary signals to the rhythm centre for remedial actions. | |
| 1518. |
Explain transport of carbon dioxide ( class 11 ) |
| Answer» Blood transports CO2\xa0from the tissue cells to the lungs in three ways:1. Dissolved in plasma :\xa0About 7 – 10% of CO2\xa0is transported in a dissolved form in the plasma.2. Bound to haemoglobin :\xa0About 20 – 25% of dissolved CO is bound and carried in the RBCs as carbaminohaemoglobin (Hb CO2\xa0) CO2\xa0+ Hb → Hb CO2\xa0.3. As bicarbonate ions in plasma about 70% of CO2\xa0is transported as bicarbonate ions. This is influenced by pC02\xa0and the degree of haemoglobin oxygenation. RBCs contain a high concentration of the enzyme, carbonic anhydrase, whereas small amounts of carbonic anhydrase is present in the plasma.→ At the tissues the pCO2\xa0is high due to catabolism and diffuses into the blood to form HCO2\xa0and H ions. When CO2\xa0diffuses into the RBCs, it combines with water forming carbonic acid (H2\xa0CO2\xa0) catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic\xa0acid is unstable and dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions.Carbonic anhydrase facilitates the reaction in both directions.The HCO3-\xa0moves quickly from the RBCs into the plasma, where it is carried to the lungs. At the alveolar site where pCO2\xa0is low, the reaction is reversed leading to the formation of CO2\xa0and water. Thus CO2\xa0trapped as HCO3-\xa0at the tissue level is transported to the alveoli and released out as CO2\xa0. Every 100 mL of deoxygenated blood delivers 4 mL of CO2\xa0to the alveoli for elimination. | |
| 1519. |
Explain transport of oxygen ( class 11 ) |
| Answer» Transport of oxygen\tHaemoglobin is a red coloured iron containing pigment present in the RBCs.\tO2\xa0can bind with haemoglobin in a reversible manner to form\xa0oxyhaemoglobin.\tBinding of oxygen with haemoglobin is primarily related to partial pressure of O2\xa0and partial pressure of CO2, hydrogen ion concentration and temperature are the other factors which can interfere with this binding.\tA\xa0sigmoid curve\xa0is obtained when percentage saturation of haemoglobin with O2\xa0is plotted against the pO2\xa0and the curve is called the\xa0oxygen dissociation curve.\tpCO2, H+\xa0concentration have effect on binding of O2\xa0with haemoglobin.\tIn the alveoli, where there is high pO2, low pCO2, lesser H+\xa0concentration and lower temperature, the factors are all favourable for the formation of oxyhaemoglobin, and where low pO2, high pCO2, high H+\xa0concentration and higher temperature exist, the conditions are favourable for dissociation of oxygen from the oxyhaemoglobin.\tEvery 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver around 5 ml of O2\xa0and each haemoglobin molecule can carry a maximum of four molecules of O2. | |
| 1520. |
A neat labelled diagram of exchange of gases |
| Answer» \tThe exchange of gases between air and blood takes place across the walls of the alveoli.\tThe human respiratory system: | |
| 1521. |
Discuss the respiratory volumes and capacities. ( Class 11 ) |
| Answer» \tTidal Volume (TV): Volume of air inspired or expired during a normal respiration, which is approx. 500 mL.\tInspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Additional volume of air, a person can inspire by a forcible inspiration, which averages 2500 mL to 3000 mL.\tExpiratory Reserve Volume (ERV ): Additional volume of air, a person can expire by a forcible expiration, which averages 1000 mL to 1100 mL.\tResidual Volume (RV): Volume of air remaining in the lungs even after a forcible expiration, which averages 1100 mL to 1200 mL.\tInspiratory Capacity (IC): Total volume of air a person can inspire after a normal expiration, which includes tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume ( TV+IRV).\tExpiratory Capacity (EC): Total volume of air a person can expire after a normal inspiration, which includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume (TV+ERV).\tFunctional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of air that will remain in the lungs after a normal expiration, which includes ERV+RV.\tVital Capacity (VC): The maximum volume of air a person can breathe in after a forced expiration, which includes ERV, TV and IRV.\tTotal Lung Capacity: Total volume of air accommodated in the lungs at the end of a forced inspiration, which includes RV, ERV, TV and IRV. | |
| 1522. |
Explain the mechanism of breathing ( class 11 ) |
| Answer» MECHANISM OF BREATHING\tBreathing involves two stages :\tInspiration- during which atmospheric air is drawn in.\tExpiration- during which the alveolar air is released out.\tInspiration can occur if the pressure within the lungs (intra-pulmonary pressure) is less than the atmospheric pressure.\tExpiration takes place when the intra-pulmonary pressure is higher than the atmospheric pressure.\tThe diaphragm and a specialised set of muscles – external and internal intercostals between the ribs.\tThe contraction of external inter-costal muscles lifts up the ribs and the sternum causes an increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis.\tAn increase in pulmonary volume decreases the intra-pulmonary pressure to less than the atmospheric pressure which forces the air from outside to move into the lungs.\tRelaxation of the diaphragm and the inter-costal muscles returns the diaphragm and sternum to their normal positions and reduce the thoracic volume and thereby the pulmonary volume, which leads to an increase in intra-pulmonary pressure to slightly above the atmospheric pressure causing the expulsion of air from the lungs.\tA healthy human breathes 12-16 times/minute.\tThe volume of air involved in breathing movements can be estimated by using a\xa0spirometer. | |
| 1523. |
Explain the human respiratory system ( class 11) |
| Answer» \xa0Larynx\xa0– “Adam‟s apple”\xa0Glottis\xa0– Aperture in laryngopharynx which opens into trachea.\xa0Epiglottis\xa0– A cartilaginous flap present at the anterior margin of glottis. It projects into the pharynx opposite the uvula. During swallowing, larynx moves upward to close the glottis to check the entry of food into it.\xa0Trachea/ Windpipe\xa0– thin walled tube extends downward through the neck.\xa0Bronchi –\xa0Trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi in the middle of the thorax.\xa0Bronchioles\xa0– Bronchi divide and re-divide into tertiary bronchi which divide into alveolar ducts which enter into alveolar sacs.\xa0Lungs\xa0– Human respiratory organ, located in the thoracic cavity. Alveolar sac\xa0– In the lung, each alveolar duct opens into a blind chamber, the alveolar sac which appears like a small bunch of grapes.\xa0Alveoli / Air sacs\xa0– The central passage of each alveolar sac gives off several small pouches on all sides, the alveoli or air sacs.\xa0Alveolar wall\xa0– is very thin (0.0001 mm) wall composed of simple moist, non-ciliated, squamous epithelium which easily recoil and expand during breathing. | |
| 1524. |
What is difference between chorichthyes and osteichthes |
| Answer» \tCharacteristicsChondrichthyesOsteichthyesEndoskeletonCommonly known as cartilaginous fish as they have cartilaginous endoskeletonCommonly known as bony fish as they have bony endoskeletonBody sizeLarge-sized fishComparatively smaller in sizeMouth positionVentralTerminal (anterior)Type of scale present on skinPlacoid scalesScales absent, if present, cycloid scalesNumber of gills present5-7 pairs of gills, not covered by operculum4 pairs of gills, covered by operculumCaudal finHeterocercalHomocercalExcretory wasteUreaAmmonia\t | |
| 1525. |
Write a note on amino acid |
| Answer» \tAmino acids are classified as acidic, basic or neutral depending upon the relative number of amino and carboxyl groups in their molecule.\tEqual number of amino and carboxyl groups makes it neutral\tMore number of amino than carboxyl groups makes it basic\tMore carboxyl groups as compared to amino groups makes it acidic\xa0\tAmino acids are further classified as essential & Non-essential amino acids depending upon their synthesis\tThe amino acids, which can be synthesised in the body, are known as nonessential amino acids. Examples: Alanine, Cysteine, Glutamate | |
| 1526. |
Why the plasmas colour lsno red |
| Answer» \tBlood is red because of the hemoglobin inside our red blood cells.\tHemoglobin is a protein that forms a complex with iron molecules and together they transport oxygen molecules throughout the body. Iron has the property of reflecting red light and because there is so much iron in our blood, blood looks red.\tHence Haemoglobin makes the blood look red. | |
| 1527. |
Why the plasmas colour I no red? |
| Answer» \tBlood is red because of the hemoglobin inside our red blood cells.\tHemoglobin is a protein that forms a complex with iron molecules and together they transport oxygen molecules throughout the body. Iron has the property of reflecting red light and because there is so much iron in our blood, blood looks red.\tHence Haemoglobin makes the blood look red. | |
| 1528. |
How many types of blood corpuscles of human body? |
| Answer» Blood supports growth by distributing nutrients and hormones, and by removing waste. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which binds oxygen. These cells deliver oxygen to the cells and remove carbon dioxide.Blood plays a protective role by transporting clotting factors and platelets to prevent blood loss after injury. Blood also transports the disease-fighting agents white blood cells | |
| 1529. |
How many present have a plasma of blood? |
| Answer» Blood plasma\xa0is a yellowish liquid component of\xa0blood\xa0that holds the\xa0blood\xa0cells of whole\xa0blood\xa0in suspension. It is the liquid part of the\xa0blood\xa0that carries cells and proteins throughout the body. It makes up about 55% of the body\'s total\xa0blood\xa0volume.\xa0Plasma\xa0constitutes 55% of total\xa0blood\xa0volume. Composed of 90% water, salts, lipids and hormones, it is especially rich in proteins (including its main protein albumin), immunoglobulins, clotting factors and fibrinogen. | |
| 1530. |
What is histamine? |
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Answer» Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching. It comes under basophills Histamine\xa0is an organic compound, which is involved in local immune responses and also acts as a neurotransmitter. It is also involved in the inflammatory response and is a mediator of pruritus.\xa0Histamine\xa0is produced by basophils and is found in tissues that are connected nearby. |
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| 1531. |
Give different between open circulatory system and blood vascular system? |
| Answer» \tOpen Circulatory SystemClosed Circulatory SystemThe hemolymph directly bathes the organs and tissues.The blood circulates within closed vessels.The blood and interstitial fluid cannot be distinguished.Blood and interstitial fluid are distinct.Present in molluscs and arthropods.Present in annelids and vertebrates.Blood is pumped into the body cavity.Blood is pumped through the vessels by the heart.Dorsal blood vessel present.Dorsal and ventral blood vessels present.Capillary system is absent.Capillary system is present.Blood is in direct contact with the surrounding tissues.Blood is not in direct contact with the tissues.Nutrients are exchanged directly between blood and tissues.The nutrients are exchanged via tissue fluid.No transport of gases.Gases are transported.The fluid flowing in this system is called hemolymph.Fluid flowing in this system is called blood.No respiratory pigments are present.Respiratory pigments are present.The volume of blood cannot be controlled.The volume of blood can be controlled by the contraction and relaxation of blood vessels.Blood flow is slow.Blood flow is rapid.The open spaces are called sinuses and lacunae.Closed spaces involve arteries and veins.Organisms with OCS: Snails, clams, cockroaches and spiders.Organisms with CCS: Humans, squids, cats, earthworms.\t | |
| 1532. |
How are viroids different from viruses |
| Answer» Viroids are free RNA molecules of low molecular weight without any protein coat while viruses can have either RNA or DNA molecules encapsulated in a protein coat. Viroids are smaller in size than the viruses. Viroids infect only plants whereas virus infects all types of organisms. In viroids, protein coat is absent whereas in viruses a protein covering or a coat called as capsid is present around the genetic material. | |
| 1533. |
What is the principle composition of plasma membrane |
| Answer» Every living cell is externally covered by a thin transparent electron microscopic, elastic regenerative and selective permeable membrane called plasma membrane. It is quasifluid in nature. Membranes also occur inside the cells. They are collectively called biomembranes. The term cell membrane was given by C. Nageli and C. Cramer (1855) for outer membrane covering of the portoplast. It was replaced by the term plasmalemma by Plower (1931).Chemical composition :\xa0Proteins lipoprotein (Lipid +Protein) are the major component forming 60% of the plasma membrane. Proteins provide mechanical strength and responsible for transportation of different substances. Proteins also act as enzyme. Lipids account may 28%-79% depending upon the type of cell and organism involved (in humans, myelin 79%). The lipids of plasma membrane are of three types namely phospholipids,\xa0glycolipids and sterols. The sterol found in the membrane may be cholesterol (Animals), phytosterol (Plants) or ergosterol (Microorganisms).Carbohydrates form 2%–10%. Oligosaccharides are the main carbohydrates present in plasma membrane. The carbohydrates of plasma membrane are covalently linked to both lipid and protein components.Ultrastructure :\xa0Under electron microscope the plasma membrane appears three layered,\xa0i.e.,\xa0trilaminar or tripartite. One optically light layer is of lipid and on both sides two optically dense protein layers are present.Molecular structure and different models :\xa0Several models have been proposed to explain the structure and function of the plasma membrane.(1)\xa0Overton’s model :\xa0It suggests that the plasma membrane is composed of a thin lipid single layer.(2)\xa0Sandwitch model :\xa0It was proposed by Davson and Danielli (1935). According to this model the light biomolecular lipid layer is sandwitched between two dense protein layers (globular\xa0a\xa0type protein). This model was also said to be unit membrane hypothesis.(3)\xa0Robertson’s unit membrane model :\xa0It states that all cytoplasmic membranes have a similar structure of three layers with and electron transparent phospholipid bilayer being sandwitched between two electron dense layer of proteins (extended or\xa0β type protein).Its thickness is about 75 Å with a central lipid layer of\xa035\xa0AA\xa0thick and two peripheral protein layers of\xa020\xa0AA\xa0thick.(4)\xa0Fluid mosaic model :\xa0The most important and widely accepted latest model for plasma membrane was given by\xa0Singer and Nicolson in\xa01972. According to them it is “protein iceberg in a sea of lipids.”According to this model, the cell membrane consists of a highly viscous fluid matrix of two layers of phospholipid molecules. Protein molecules occur as separate particles asymmetrical arranged in a mosaic pattern.Some of these are loosely bound at the polar surfaces of lipid layers,\xa0called peripheral or extrinsic proteins.\xa0Others penetrate deeply into the lipid layer called integral or intrinsic proteins. Some of the integral proteins penetrate through the phospholipid layers and project on both the surface. These are called trans membrane or tunnel proteins (glycophorins). Singly or in groups, they function as channels for passage of water ions and other solutes. | |
| 1534. |
What do you understand from the term "digestion" ? |
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Answer» Digestive system: The system of organs responsible for getting food into and out of the body and for making use of food to keep the body healthy. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, colon, and rectum.hope it helps u Digestive system: The system of organs responsible for getting food into and out of the body and for making use of food to keep the body healthy. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, colon, and rectum. \tThe human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and the associated glands.Alimentary canal\xa0\tThe alimentary canal begins with an anterior opening – the mouth, and it opens out posteriorly through the ****.\tThe mouth leads to the buccal cavity or oral cavity, which has a number of teeth and a muscular tongue and each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone with a type of attachment called as\xa0thecodont.\tA set of temporary milk or deciduous teeth is replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth, and the type of dentition is called\xa0diphyodont.\tAn adult human has 32 permanent teeth, which are of four different types\tincisors (I)\tcanine (C)\tpremolars (PM)\tand molars (M).\tArrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw in the order I, C, PM, M is represented by a dental formula which in human is 2123/2123.\tThe tongue is a freely movable muscular organ attached to the floor of the oral cavity by the\xa0frenulum, and the upper surface of the tongue has small projections called\xa0papillae, some of which bear taste buds.\tThe oesophagus and the trachea open into the pharynx.\tA cartilaginous flap called\xa0epiglottis\xa0prevents the entry of food into the glottis, which is the opening of the wind pipe.\tThe oesophagus is a thin, long tube which extends posteriorly passing through the neck, thorax and diaphragm and leads to a ‘J’ shaped bag like structure called\xa0stomach.\tThe stomach has three major parts\ta cardiac portion into which the oesophagus opens\ta fundic region\ta pyloric portion which opens into the first part of small intestine.\tSmall intestine is distinguishable into three regions\ta ‘U’ shaped duodenum\ta long coiled middle portion jejunum\ta highly coiled ileum.\tThe opening of the stomach into the duodenum is guarded by the\xa0pyloric sphincter.\tIleum consists of\tcaecum\tcolon\t\xa0\tCaecum is a small blind sac from which a vestigial organ called\xa0vermiform appendix\tThe colon is divided into three parts\tan ascending\ta transverse\ta descending part.\tThe descending part opens into the\xa0rectum\xa0which opens out through the\xa0****.\tThe wall of alimentary canal from oesophagus to rectum possesses four layers\tSerosa\tmuscularis\tsub-mucosa\tSerosa is the outermost layer and is made up of a thin mesothelium and some connective tissues.\tMuscularis is formed by smooth muscles usually arranged into an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer.\tThe submucosal layer is formed of loose connective tissues.\tMucosa is the innermost layer which forms\xa0rugae\xa0in the stomach and small finger-like foldings called\xa0villi\xa0in the small intestine.\tThe cells lining the villi produce numerous microscopic projections called\xa0microvilli\xa0giving a brush border appearance.\tVilli are supplied with a network of capillaries and a large lymph vessel called the\xa0lacteal.\tMucosal epithelium has\xa0goblet cells\xa0which secrete mucus that help in lubrication.\tMucosa forms gastric glands in the stomach\xa0crypts of Lieberkuhn\xa0in different parts of the alimentary canal. |
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| 1535. |
Short notes on midbrain |
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Answer» Midbrain\xa0is located between the thalamus region of the forebrain and pons region of the hindbrain. It helps in the relay of information from the hindbrain to the midbrain. The dorsal surface of midbrain consists of superior and inferior corpora bigemina and four round lobes called corpora quadrigemina. A canal known as cerebral aqueduct passes through the midbrain. The midbrain is concerned with the sense of sight and hearing. I don\'t no ??????? |
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| 1536. |
Write the salient features of mammals with two example |
| Answer» \xa0The Salient Features of Mammalian are:-\tThey are warm-blooded animals with four-chambered hearts.\tThey have mammary glands for the production of milk to nourish their young ones.\tThier skin has hairs as well as sweat and oil glands.\tMost mammals familiar to us produce live young ones.\tFew of them like platypus and the echidna lay eggs\xa0Example:-\xa0\tWhale\xa0\tHuman\tCat\xa0\tRat\tBat | |
| 1537. |
Sperm lode se kese nikalte hai? |
| Answer» Jaise Tum Nikle Ho | |
| 1538. |
Explain phases involved in meiosis |
| Answer» Explain phases involved in meiosis | |
| 1539. |
What observable features in euglena would make you classify it under kingdom protista |
| Answer» | |
| 1540. |
Scientific reason for plant flower in summer and plant flower in winter |
| Answer» | |
| 1541. |
Describe fluid mosic model of plasma membrane? |
| Answer» 1st chapter home work | |
| 1542. |
Give the two name system of organisms? |
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Answer» Binomial nomenclature Carolus linnaeus |
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| 1543. |
Who discovered living 0 |
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Answer» A.v. leuwenhoek Robert Hook discovered the living cell Who discovered living cell |
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| 1544. |
Outer most cell |
| Answer» | |
| 1545. |
Fern prothallus is notorious. Justify. |
| Answer» | |
| 1546. |
What is meaning of hydrophobic and hydrophilic |
| Answer» Hydrophilic means Water loving and Hydrophobic moves away from water | |
| 1547. |
Categorize plant kingdom in different forms ? Also gives salient features of category? |
| Answer» | |
| 1548. |
If there is 30% of cytosine is present in DNA so what is the % of remaining nitrogenous bases |
| Answer» Cytosine=30% ,therefore Guanine=30% According to Chargaff\'s ruleA+T=100-(G+C)A+T=100-60.since both adenine and thymine are in equal amounts ,Thymine =Adenine= 40/2=20% | |
| 1549. |
Differentiate between stamen and staminode |
| Answer» Stamens are the stalk like structure present just at sides of\xa0carpel\xa0in flower it is the male reproductive organ which generate pollen grains. Staminodes are nodes or gaps from where the stamens arises. | |
| 1550. |
Difference between plant cells and animal cells |
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Answer» Simple Difference is that :- • Plant Cells have Cell Wall • Animal Cells does not have Cell Walls Plant cell |
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