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16751.

Question : How will you identify tuberculosis discase ?

Answer»

Solution :Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculae. This INFECTION MAINLY occurs in the lungs and bones. COLLECTION of FLUID between the lungs and the chest wall is the main complication of this disease.
Discussion
16752.

Question : _____test is used as an indicator of the presence of protein.

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Solution :The biuret test is used as an indicator of the presence of PROTEIN because it gives a purple colour in the presence of PEPTIDE bonds (-C-N-). To a protein solution an equal quantity of sodium hydroxide solution is added and mixed. Then a few DROPS of 0.5% copper (II) sulphate is added with GENTLE mixing. a distinct purple colour developls without heating.
Discussion
16753.

Question : How will you identify the presence of starch in a food sample.

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SOLUTION :The PRESENCE of starch is identified by adding a solution of IODINE in POTASSIUM iodide. Iodine molecules fit NEARLY into the starch helix, creating a blue-black colour.
Discussion
16754.

Question : How will you identify Alzheimer's disease.

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Solution :Alzheimer's DISEASE : It is a chronic neurodegenerative disease which includes the symptoms of difficulty in remembering RECENT events, problems with language, DISORIENTATION and mood SWINGS.
Discussion
16755.

Question : How do you test for glucose in food ?

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Solution :ALDOSES and ketoses are reducing sugars. This means that, when heated with an ALKALINE solution of copper (II) sulphate (a blue solution called Benedict's solution), the aldehyde or ketone group reduces `Cu^(2+)` ions to `Cu^(+)` ions forming brick RED precipitate of copper (I) oxide. In the process, the aldehyde or ketone group is oxidised to a carboxyl group (-COOH). this reaction is used as test for reducing sugar and is known as Benedict's test. the results of Benedict's test depends on concentration of the sugar. if there is not reducing sugar it remains blue. sucrose is not a reducing sugar
The GREATER the concentration of reducing sugar, the more is the precipitate formed and greater is the colour change.
Discussion
16756.

Question : Define:- Parkinson's disease.

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Solution :Parkinson's DISEASE: A degenerative disorder of the nervous SYSTEM that affects movement, often INCLUDING tremors.
Discussion
16757.

Question : How will you distinguish Solanaceae members from Liliaceae members?

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
16758.

Question : How will you deplasmolyse a plasmolysed cell?

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SOLUTION :By KEEPING the CELL in PURE WATER.
Discussion
16759.

Question : What are Quantasomes?

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Solution :Quantasomes are the morphological expression of PHYSIOLOGICAL photosynthetic units, LOCATED on the INNER membrane of thylakoid LAMELLAE.
Discussion
16760.

Question : How will you define viruses?

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Solution :VIRUSES are sub-microscopic, OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR parasites. They have NUCLEIC acid core surrounded by protein COAT.
Discussion
16761.

Question : How willyou defineQuantasomes ?

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SOLUTION :QUANTASOMES are themorphologicalexpressionof PHYSIOLOGICAL photosyntheicunits, locatedon theinnermemberof thethylakoidlamellae.
Discussion
16762.

Question : Define inflorescence.

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SOLUTION :An INFLORESCENCE is a group of flowers ARISING from a branched or unbranched axis with a definite pattern.
Discussion
16763.

Question : How will you calculate the length of the S period.

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SOLUTION :LENGTH of the S period=Fraction of cells in DNA replication`xx`generation TIME.
Discussion
16764.

Question : How will you calculate net products of one sucrose molecule upon complete oxidation during aerobic respiration as per recent view ?

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Solution :Net products gained during aerobic respiration per glucose molecule.


1. Complete oxidation of a glucose molecule in aerobic respiration results in the net gain of 36 ATP molecules in plants as shown in the table.
2. However in animal tissue where malate shuttle mechanism is present , oxidation of external NADH will yield almost three ATP molecules.
3. Since huge amount of energy is generated in mitochondria in the form of ATP molecules they are called 'power house of the cell'.
4. In the CASE of aerobic PROKARYOTES due to lack of mitochondria each molecule of glucose produces 38 ATP molecules.
RECENT view :
1. When the cost of transport of ATPs from matrix into the cytosol is considered, the number will be 2.5 ATPs for each NADH `+H^+` and 1.5 ATPs fro each `FADH_2` oxidised during electron transport SYSTEM.
2. Therefore , in PLANT cells net yield of 30 ATP molecules for complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose.
3. Sucrose is made up of a molecule of glucose and a molecule of produces (monosaccharides). Glucose and fructose are isomers.
4. The fructose unit to sucrose will be converted into glucose in liver and adipose tissue.
5. Hence if one glucose molecule yields 30 ATP on complete oxidation (Recent view), net products of one sucrose molecule upon complete oxidation during aerobic respiration =60 ATP.
Discussion
16765.

Question : How were different plant growth regulators discovered ?

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Solution :The discovery of all five major groups of plant growth regulators have been done accidentally
Discovery of Auxin :
This was the first growth hormone to be discovered.
They observed the coleoptiles of canary grass that responded to unilateral illumination by growing towards the source of light [Phenomenon known as photo periodism].
After performing series of experiments they came to the conclusion that coleoptiles tip was the site that has the property of transmittable inference due to which bending of complete coleoptiles was caused.

The first PGR in auxin was isolated by F.W. Went in 1928 from coleoptile tip of oat seedlings.
Discovery of Gibberellins :
In early part of `20^(th)` CENTURY, the bakane [foolish seedling) was reported to be caused by a fungal pathogen Gibberella fugikuroi, symptoms shown by the plant were elongated stems, little or no production of grains and plant become weak thus, it was later identified that the active substances was gibberellic acid.
The Japanese plant pathologist E. Kurosawa reported the appearance of symptoms of the disease in uninfected rice seedlings when they were treated with sterile filtrates of the fungus.
Discovery of Cytokinins :
E SKOOG and his co-workers while studying the nutritional requirements of tissue culture derived from the internodal segments of tobacco stems, observed that from that internodal SEGMENT (i.e., a mass of undifferentiated cells) proliferated only when the nutrient medium containing auxin was supplemented with the extract of vascular tissues or yeast or coconut milk (Water of endosperm of coconut) or DNA.
It was later found that the active substances were a MODIFIED form of adenine which was crystallised and identified as kinetin.
Further the compounds that exhibited kinetin like properties were termed as cytokinins.
Discovery of Abscisic Acid :
With the progression in the research on plant growth regulators three independent researchers reported the purification and chemical characterization of three kind of inhibitors (during mid 1960) i.e., inhibitor-B, abscission II and dormin.
Later, three were proved to be chemically IDENTICAL in nature and were named Abscisic Acid [ABA]
Discovery of Ethylene : Cousins [1910] confirmed the release of a volatile substance from ripened oranges that enhance the ripening of stored unripened bananas.
This volatile substance was later identified to be a gaseous plant growth regulators.
Discussion
16766.

Question : How waxes are formed?

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Solution :Waxes are esters FORMED between a LONG chain alcohol and SATURATED fatty ACIDS.
Discussion
16767.

Question : How water affects the rate of photosynthesis ?

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SOLUTION :Water STRESS leads to CLOSURE of stomata thereby decreasing the availability of `CO_2` It also causes wilting of leaves, reducing the surface AREA hence decreasing the surface area for metabolic functions.
Discussion
16768.

Question : How water and ions are absorbed in roots ? Explain with diagram.

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Solution :Most of the water flow in the roots occurs via the apoplast since the cortical cells are loosely PACKED and hence offer no resistance to water movement.
However, the inner boundary of the cortex, the endodermis, is impervious to water because of a band of suberised matrix called the casparian strip.
Water molecules are unable to penetrate the layer, so they are directed to wall regions that are not suberised, into the cells proper through the membranes. The water then moves through the symplast and again crosses a membrane to REACH the cells of the xylem. The movement of water through the root layers is ultimately symplastic in the endodermis.
This is the only way water and other solutes can enter the vascular cylinder. Once inside the xylem, water is again free to move between cells as well as through them.
In YOUNG roots, water enters directly into the xylem vessels and/or tracheids. These are non-living conduits and so are parts of the apoplast.
The path of water and mineral ions into the root vascular system is shown in the figure.

SYMBIOTIC association of (root and fungi) : Some plants have additional structures associated with them that help in water (and mineral) absorption.
Mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association of fungus with a root system.
The fungal filaments form a network around the young root or they penetrate the root cells. The hyphae have a very large surface area that absorb mineral ions and water from the soil from a much larger volume of soil that perhaps a root cannot do.
The fungus provides minerals and water to the roots, in turn the roots provide sugars and N-containing compounds to the mycorrhizae.
Some plants have an obligate association with the mycorrhizae. For EXAMPLE, pinus seeds cannot germinate and establish without the presence of mycorrhizae.
Discussion
16769.

Question : How vernalisation is carried out?

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Solution :The seeds are first SOAKED in water and allowed to germinate at `10^@C` to `12^@C` . Then seeds are transferred to low temperature `(3^@C " to " 5^@C)`from few days to 30 days. Germinated seeds after this treatment are allowed to dry and then sown. The PLANTS will show quick flowering when compared to untreated control plants.
Discussion
16770.

Question : How various components are absorbed through the process of absorption ? Give explanation.

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Solution :Absorption is the process by which the end products of digestion pass through the intestinal MUCOSA into the blood or lymph.
(1) MONOSACCHARIDE like Glucose, Amino acid `Cl^-` ions `to` simple diffusion
(2) Fructose and some Amino acid `underset"carrier ions"overset(Na^(+))to` FACILITATED TRANSPORT.
(3)WATER `to` Osmotic gradient .
Active Transport occurs against concentration gradient and hence requires energy various nutrients like amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose, electrolytes like `Na^+` are absorbed into the blood by this mechanism.
Fatty acids and glycerol being insoluble cannot be absorbed into the blood. They are first incorporated into small droplets called micelles.
They are reformed into very small protein coated fat globules called the chylomicrons which are transported into the lymph vessels (lacteals) in the villi. These lymph vessels ultimately release the absorbed substances into the blood stream.
Following table shows summery of absorption in different parts of Digestive System.
Discussion
16771.

Question : How velamen helps the Vanda plant ?

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SOLUTION :Velamen is a SPONGY tissue developed by EPIPHYTIC roots of VANDA. It helps in absorption of moisture from atmosphere.
Discussion
16772.

Question : How vacuoles helps to maintain the structure of a plant cell?

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SOLUTION : The major function of plant vacuole is to MAINTAIN water PRESSURE known as turgor pressure, which MAINTAINS the plant structure.
Discussion
16773.

Question : How useful is the study of the nature of body cavity and coelom in the classification of animals?

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Solution :Coelom is a fluid filled space between the body wall and digestive tract. The presence or absence of body cavity or coelom plays a very important ROLE in the classification of animals. Animals that possess a fluid filled cavity between body wall and digestive tract are known as coelomates. ANNELIDS, mollusca, ARTHROPODS, echinodermates and chordates are EXAMPLES of coelomates. On the other hand, the animals in which the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm are known as pseudocoelomates. In such animals mesoderm is scattered in between ectoderm and endoderm. Aschelminthes is an example of pseudocoelomates. In certain animals the body cavity is ABSENT they are known as acoelomates. An example of acoelomate is Platyhelminthes.
Discussion
16774.

Question : How tracheids differ from fibres ?

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
16775.

Question : How the vascular plants dominate the Earth?

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SOLUTION :The success and dominance of vascular plants is DUE to the developent of ,
• Extensive ROOT system .
• Efficient conducting tissues.
• Cuticle to PREVENT desiccation.
• STOMATA for effective gaseous exchange.
Discussion
16776.

Question : How the seeds are classified based on endosperm?

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SOLUTION :ALBUMINOUS SEED or Endospermous seed.
(B)Ex-Albuminous seed or non-Endospermous seed.
Discussion
16777.

Question : How the process of fission is different from normal mitoticdivision ?

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SOLUTION :Fission is different from normal MITOTIC division as it does not INVOLVE spindle formation during the divisionof NUCLEAR material.
Discussion
16778.

Question : How the more active cells meet their energy requirements in comparison to less active cells?

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Solution :In more ACTIVE cells, low `P_(o_(2))` favour the rapid dissociationof oxyhemoglobin to RELEASE more oxygen E. g. during exrcise, the oxygenated blood releases about 15 ml of oxygen (i. e. 75% COEFFICIENT of untilization ) in comparoson to 5ml. Of oxygen released in normal conditions.
Discussion
16779.

Question : Howthe osmotic pressure of given solution (non-electrolyte) such as sucrose can be calculated?

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Solution :Osmotic pressure can be calculated by using following relationship :O.P = CRT
where C is molar concentration of solution at incipient plasmolysis. R is the gas constant which is 0.082 T is the ABSOLUTE temperature i.e. 273 + `t^(@)`C. A molar solution of SUCROSE solution separated from pure waterby semipermeable MEMBRANE has an O.P. of approximately 22.4 atm. at `0^(@)`C.
Discussion
16780.

Question : How the nervous and endocrine system involve in the human cardiac function?

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Solution :The type of heart in human is myogenic because the heart beat originates form the muscles of the heart.
2. The nervous th nedocrine systems work together with paracrine signals (metabolic activity ) to influence the diameter of the artirioles and alter the blood flow.
The neuronal CONTROL is achieved through autonomic nervous system ( sympathetic and parasympathetic). Sympathetic neurons relese nor - epinephrine and ADRENAL medulla releases epinephrine.
4. The two hormones bind to `BETA-` adrenergic receptors and increases the heart RATE.
5. The parasympathetic neurons secrete acetylcholine that bnds to muscarinic receptors and decreses the heart beat.
6. Vasopressin and angiotensin II, involved in the regulation of the kidneys, RESULTS in vasoconstriction while natriuretc peptide promotes vasodilation.
7. Vagus nerve is a parasympathtic nerve that supplies the atrium especially the SA and the AVnodes.
Discussion
16781.

Question : How the living organisms are formed based on chemical organization?

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Solution :Various forms of living organisms is seen in our BIOSPHERE.
All living organisms are formed by similar type of elements or chemicals.
If we perform elemental analysis on a PLANT TISSUE, animal tissue or a microbial paste, we obtain a list of elements like carbon, HYDROGEN, oxygen and several others and their respective content per unit mass of a living tissue.
If the same analysis is performed on a piece of earth.s crust as an example of nonliving matter, we obtain a similar list.
All the elements present in a sample of earth.s crust are also present in a sample of living tissue. However, the relative abundance of carbon and hydrogen with respect to other elements is HIGHER in any living organism than in earth.s crust.
Discussion
16782.

Question : How the Kerbs cycle acts as central pathway of respiration ?

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Solution :Krebs. cycle is the central PATHWAY of cell respiration where the CATABOLIC pathways converge upon it and anabolic pathways diverge from it.
Discussion
16783.

Question : How the leaves of Utricularia helps in its nourishment ?

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Solution :In bladderwort (Utricularia), a rootless free-floating, AQUATIC plant the leaf is very much segmented. Some of these segments are MODIFIED to form bladder-like structures, with a trap- door entrance that TRAPS aquatic ANIMALCULES.
Discussion
16784.

Question : How the leaf hooks helps the Bignonia plant ?

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Solution :In CAT's nail (Bignonia unguiscati) an elegant CLIMBER, the terminal leaflets BECOME modified into three, very sharp, stiff and curved hooks, very much like the nails of a cat. These hooks cling to the BARK of a tree and as organs of support for climbing.
Discussion
16785.

Question : How the epidermal cells in the stomach of vertebrate animal is protected against HCI?

Answer»

HCl is DILUTE
EPIDERMAL cells defense the function of HCI
HCl is NEUTRALIZED in stomach
Epidermal cells covered with secretion of mucus

SOLUTION :N/A
Discussion
16786.

Question : How are leaves classfied based on their duration?

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Solution :Leaves may stay and FUNCTION for few DAYS to many years, largely determined by the adaptations to climatic conditions.
Cauducuous (Fagacious) : Falling off soon after formation. e.g., OPUNTIA and Cissus quadrangularis.
Deciduous : Falling at the end of growing season so that the plant (tree or shrub) is leafless in winter/summer season. e.g. Maple, Plumeria, Launea and Erythrina.
Evergreen : Leaves PERSIST throughout the year, falling regularly so that tree is never leafless. e.g., Mimusops and Calophyllum.
Marcescent : Leaves not falling but withering on the plant as in several members of Fagaceae.
Discussion
16787.

Question : How the diffusing molecules will move ?

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SOLUTION :In DIFFUSION, THEMOVEMENT of moleculesis continuous and RANDOM in order in all DIRECTIONS.
Discussion
16788.

Question : How the chlorosis due to magnanese deficiency differs from that of iron deficiency?

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SOLUTION :The manganese deficiency causes chloretic leaves that give mottled appearance (marked with various colours), WHEREAS in iron deficiency the young leaves become WHITE or YELLOW with prominent green veins.
Discussion
16789.

Question :How the chemical transformation occurs through enzymes at higher rate ?

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Solution :The chemical or metabolic conversion refers to a REACTION. The chemical which is converted into a product is CALLED a .substrate. where as enzymes is proteins with three dimensional structures including an .active site., convert substrate (S) into a product (P) symbolically / written :
`S to P`
substracte rarr product
The substrate binds with the enzyme at its .active site.. The substrate has to diffuse towards the active site. Thus ES complex (Enzyme substrate complex) is formed.

This complex formation is a transient phenomenon. During the state where substrate is bound to the enzyme active site, a new structure is formed transition state structure.
After the bond BREAKING is completed the product is released from the active site.
The path way of this transformation go through the transition state structure. There could be many more altered structural states between the stable substrate and the product. All these intermediate structure states are unstable.
If this depict as pictorially through graph Y-axis represents the potential energy content, X-axis represents progression of .transition state..
There is difference between the energy level of substrate (S) and product. If .P. is at a lower level than .S., the reaction is an exothermic reaction. One need not supply energy (by HEATING) in order to form product.
However, whether it is an exothermic or spontaneous reaction or an endothermic or energy requiring reaction, the .S. has to go through a much higher energy state.
The difference in average energy content of .S. from that of this transition state is called .activation energy..
Enzymes eventually bring down this energy barrier making the transition of .S. to .P. more EASY.
Discussion
16790.

Question : Low concentration of oxygen in the blood and tissue of people living at high altitude is due to …………………..

Answer»

Solution :When a person lives in higher altitude, the body makes RESPIRATORY and hematopoietic adjustment. KIDNEYS accelerate the production of the hormone erythropoitin which stimulate the bone MARROW to produce more RBCs . This improves the BINDING of `O_2` with haemoglobin .
Discussion
16791.

Question : How the biological functions of living organisms are carried out ?

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Solution :In unicellular organisms, all functions LIKE digestion, respiration and reproduction are performed by a single cell. In the complex body of multicellular organisms (animals) the same basic functions are carried out by different groups of cells in a well organised manner. The body of a simple organism like Hydra is made up of different types of cells and the number of cells in each type can be in thousands. The human body is composed of billions of cells to perform various functions.In multicellular animals, a group of similar cells alongwith intercellular substances perform a specific function. Such an organization is CALLED tissue.All complex animals consist of only four basic types of tissues. These tissues are organised in specific proportion and pattern to form an organ e.g. lung, heart, stomach, kidney etc. When two or more organs perform a common function by their physical and/or chemical interaction, they together form organ system, e.g., digestive system, respiratory system, etc.Cells, tissues, organs and organ systems split up the WORK in a way that exhibits division of LABOUR and contribute to the survival of the body as a WHOLE.
Discussion
16792.

Question : How the body makes long-term adjustments when living in high altitude?

Answer»

Solution :When a person travels quickly from sea level toelevations above 8000 ft here the atmosphericpressure and PARTIA pressure of oxygen are lowered the individual responds with SYMPTOMS of acute mountain SICKNESS (AMS) - headache, shortness ofbreath, nausea and dizziness due to po0r binding of `O_(2)` with haemoglobin. When the person moves on a long-term basis to mountains from sea level the body begins to make RESPIRATORY and haematopoieticadjustments. To overcome this -situation kidneysaccelerate production of the horr.nohe erythropoietin,which stimulates the bone marrow to produce moreRBCs.
Discussion
16793.

Question : How the analysis of chemical components can be done ?

Answer»

Solution :To understand, TYPE of organic compounds, found in living organisms, one has to perform a chemical analysis.
Take any living tissue (a vegetable or a piece of liver) and grind it in trichloroacetic acid(`CI_3CCOOH`) using a mortar and pesde.
We obtain a thick slurry. It is strain through a cheese cloth or cotton we would obtain two fractions.
One is called the filtrate or acid-soluble pool and the second, the retentate or the acid insoluble fraction. Thousands of organic compounds are found in the acid-soluble pool.
For analysis of chemical composition extraction of compounds is done.
Then the extraction is SUBJECTED to various separation techniques till one has separated a compound from all other compounds.
In other words isolation and purification of compound is done.
Analytical techniques, when applied to the compound gives us an idea of molecular formula and the probable structure of the compound.
All the carbon compounds that we get from living tissues can be called (biomolecules). However, living organisms have ALSO got inorganic elements and compounds in them. How do we know this ?
A slightiy different but destructive experiment has to be done. One weighs a small amount of a living tissue (say a leaf or liver and this is called wet weight) and dry it. All the water, evaporates.
The remaining material gives dry weight. Now if the tissue is fully burnt, all the carbon compounds are oxidised to gaseous form (`CO_2`, water vapour) and are removed.
What is remaining is called .ASH. This ash contains inorganic elements (like calcium, magnesium etc.) Inorganic compounds like sulphate, phosphate etc. are also seen in the acid-soluble fraction.
Therefore elemental analysis gives elemental composition of living tissue in the form of hydrogen, oxygen, chlorine, carbon etc. while analysis for compounds gives an idea of the kind of organic and inorganic constituents PRESENT in living tissues.
From a chemistry point of view, one can identify functional groups like aldehydes, ketones, aromatic compounds etc. But from biological point of view, we shall classify them into amino acids, nucleotide bases, fatty acids etc.
Discussion
16794.

Question : how telomeres helps in cancer studies ?

Answer»

Solution :Maintenance of TELOMERES appears to be an IMPORTANT factor in determining the LIFE span and reproductive CAPACITY of cells so studies of telomeres and telomerase have the PROMISE of providing new insights into conditions such as ageing and cancer.
Discussion
16795.

Question : How symbiotic relationship is executed in mycorrhiza ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :In lichens, algae provide nutrition for fungal partner in TURN FUNGI provide protection and also help to fix the thallus to the substratum through rhizinae.
Discussion
16796.

Question : How stromatolites are formed ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Stromatolites are deposits FORMED when COLONIES of cyanobacteria bind with calcium CARBONATE.
Discussion
16797.

Question : How semipermeableand selectively permeable membranesdiffer from each other ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
16798.

Question : How saturated fatty acids differ from unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer»

Solution :Saturated factty ACIDS have the HYDROCARBON chain with single bond, WHEREAS in UNSATURATED FATTY acids the hydrocarbon chain will have double bonds.
Discussion
16799.

Question : How RFLP helps in taxonomical studies?

Answer»

Solution :RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism): RFLP's is a molecular method of genetic analysis that allows identification of taxa based on unique patterns of restriction sites in specific regions of DNA. It refers to differences between taxa in restriction sites and therefore the LENGTHS of FRAGMENTS of DNA following CLEAVAGE with restriction enzymes .
Discussion
16800.

Question : How Redox reaction occurs in NADH_2 and FADH_2.

Answer»

Solution :`AND^++ 2e + 2H^+ to NADH + H^+`
`FAD + 2e^- + 2H^+ to FADH_2`.
when `AND^+` (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide - oxidised form) and FAD (FLAVIN Adenine Dinucleotide) pick up ELECTRONS and one or two hydrogen ions (protons), they get reduced to `NADH + H^+and FADH_2` respectively. When they drop electrons and hydrogen off they go BACK to their original form. The reaction in which `NAD^+ and FAD` given (REDUCTION) or lose (oxidation) electrons are called redox reaction (Oxidation reduction reaction). These reactions are important in cellular respiration.
Discussion