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17051.

Question : How could you possibly become infected with adult tapeworms ?

Answer»

EATING insufficiently cooked pork
Being BITTEN by a mosquito
Ingesting eggs in contaminated water
Eating FRESHLY peeled fruit

Solution :Eating insufficiently cooked pork
Discussion
17052.

Question : How control and co-ordination occur in frog ? Explain.

Answer»

Solution :The system for CONTROL and coordination is highly evolved in the frog. It includes both neural system and endocrine glands. The chemical coordination of various organs of the body is ACHIEVED by hormones which are secreted by the endocrine glands. The PROMINENT endocrine glands found in frog are pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pineal body, pancreatic ISLETS, adrenal and GONADS.
Discussion
17053.

Question : How consciousness become the defining property of living organisms?

Answer»

Solution :All living organisms have excellent ABILITY to sense their environment.
They respond to various physical, chemical and BIOLOGICAL stimuli.
The various external factors to which living organisms respond are light, water, temperature, pollutants, other organisms etc.
We sense our environment through our sense ORGANS.
All organisms from the prokaryotes to eukaryotes can sense all respond to environmental cues.
Plants responds to external factors like light, water, temperature, other organisms, pollutants etc.
 PHOTOPERIOD affects reproduction in seasonal breeder both plants and animals.
All living things responds to all living things as they have additional ability of self CONSCIOUSNESS.
Consciousness therefore, becomes the defining property of living organisms.
Discussion
17054.

Question : How CO_(2) is transported mainly in the blood?

Answer»


ANSWER :As SODIUM BICARBONATE
Discussion
17055.

Question : How chlorophyll b differsfromchlorophyll a ?

Answer»

Solution :Chlorophyll 'b' DIFFERS from Chlorophyll 'a' having `CHO` (aldehyde) GROUP instead of `CH_(3)` (METHYL) group at the `3^(rd) C` atom in II PYRROLE RING.
Discussion
17056.

Question : How can you revert a freshly plasmolysed plant cell to its normal state?

Answer»

SOLUTION : By PLACING it in PURE WATER or HYPOTONIC solution.
Discussion
17057.

Question : How can you differentiate between free central and axile placentation ?

Answer»

Solution :Placentation : The arrangement of ovules within the OVARY is known as placentation. The placenta is a special TYPE of tissue. VARIOUS TYPES of placentation is seen in plants. FREE central and axile placentation among them.
Following difference is seen in them
Discussion
17058.

Question : How can we overcome dormancy in photoblastic seeds?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The DORMANCY of photoblastic SEEDS can be BROKEN by exposing them to RED light.
Discussion
17059.

Question : How can we measure growth ?

Answer»

Solution :At a cellular level, growth is principally a consequence of increase in the AMOUNT of protoplasm.
Increase in protoplasm is difficult to measure directly, one generally measures some quantity which is more or less proportional to it.
Growth is measured by a variety of parameters some of which are increase in fresh weight, dry weight, length, AREA, volume and cell number.
It is amazing to know that one single maize root apical meristem can give rise to more than 17,500 new cells per hour, whereas cells in a watermelon may increase in size by upto 3,50,000 times.
In former, growth is EXPRESSED as increase in cell number, the latter expresses growth as increase in size of the cell.
While the growth of a pollen TUBE is measured in terms of its length, an increase in surface area denotes the growth in a DORSIVENTRAL leaf.
Discussion
17060.

Question : How can we identify living things?

Answer»

SOLUTION :For DEFINING living things we conventionally LOOK for distinctive CHARACTERISTICS EXHIBITED by living organisms.
Growth, reproduction, ability to sense environment and response to change are unique features of living organisms.
We can add a few more features like metabolism, ability to self-replicate, self-organise, interact and emergence can be added to this list.
Discussion
17061.

Question : How can we determine the age of fossils ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The age of fossils can be determined using two methods namely, relative dating and ABSOLUTE dating, (a) Relative dating is used to determine a fossil by COMPARING it to similar rocks and fossils of known age. (b) Absolute dating is used to determine the precise age of a fossil by using radiometric dating to MEASURE the decay of ISOTOPES.
Discussion
17062.

Question : How can the post-renal acute renal failure be diagnosed?

Answer»

SOLUTION :CYSTOSCOPY and pyleography.
Discussion
17063.

Question : How can the exoplasmic surface of a cell membrane be distinguished from the cytoplasmic surface ?

Answer»

Solution :The exoplasmic SURFACE bears glycoprotein and GLYCOLIPID molecules and the CYTOPLASMIC surface LACK these molecules.
Discussion
17064.

Question : How can plants be grown under limited water supply without compromising on metabolic activities ?

Answer»

Solution :If plants receive water in less amount then plants reduce the rate of transpiration by closing the STOMATA. But they can do important biological PROCESSES like photosynthesis, RESPIRATION, TRANSPORT of FOOD etc.
Discussion
17065.

Question : How can monocytes be identified in a blood slide ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :MONOCYTES have BEAN SHAPED nucleus and are BIG leucocytes .
Discussion
17066.

Question : How can lysosome harm the organism ?

Answer»

Solution :Retention of RESIDUAL bodies in the cells can cause DISEASES, such as HEPATITIS, and ageing. By releasing NUCLEASES, the LYSOSOMES can cause mutations, disruption of chromosomes and even blood cancer.
Discussion
17067.

Question : How canimpotencebe reversed ?

Answer»

Solution :A TEMPORARY IMPOTENCE a reversible inabilityerection canresultfromuseof alcohol andcertainandcertaindrugs andemotional PROBLEMS . For non- reversible impotenceduenervousorcirculatorymany penialimplant DEVICES anddrugs (e.g VIAGRA ) are avialaable
Discussion
17068.

Question : How Erythroblastosis fetalis can be prevented ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :If the mother is Rh NEGATIVE and foetus is Rh positive, anti D antibodies should be administered to the mother at 28th and 34th week of gestation as a prophylactic measure. If the Rh negative mother delivers Rh positive child then anti D antibodies should be administered to the mother soon after delivery. This develops passive immunity and PREVENTS the formation of anti D antibodies in the mothers blood by DESTROYING the Rh foetal RBC before the mother's immune system is SENSITIZED. This has to be done whenever the woman attains pregnancy.
Discussion
17069.

Question : How buoyancy is maintained in aquatic plants ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :In AQUATIC plants like Nymphae, the parenchyma cells contains AIR in its intercellular spaces which provides AERATION and buoyancy.
Discussion
17070.

Question : How did blackman classify respiration ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Depending upon the nature of RESPIRATORY SUBSTRATE, Blackman divided respiration into, 1.Floating respiration and 2. Protoplasmic respiration.
Discussion
17071.

Question : How bacteria helps in vinegar production?

Answer»

Solution :Acetobacter aceti BACTERIA OXIDISES ethanol obtained from molasses by FERMENTATION to FORM vinegar.
Discussion
17072.

Question : How auxin is useful in tissue culture technique?

Answer»

Solution :Auxin is responsible for INITIATION and promotion of cell DIVISION in cambium, which is responsible for the secondary growth and TUMOR. This property of induction of cell division has been exploited for tissue CULTURE techniques and for the FORMATION of callus.
Discussion
17073.

Question : How are white and grey matter placed in the brain ?

Answer»

Solution :Grey MATTER is OUTSIDE and WHITE matter INSIDE
Discussion
17074.

Question : How are vascular plants able to dominate the planet ?

Answer»

Solution :Vascular plants DOMINATE due to :
( a) Presence of well developed vascular tissue .
(b) Due to presence of mechanical tissue .
(c) Due to presence of CUTIN in living tissue and SUBERIN in dead tissue .
(d) Well developed ROOT SYSTEM .
Discussion
17075.

Question : How are viroids different from viruses?

Answer»

Solution :Viroids are small single-stranded circular RNA agents which infect PLANTS. They differ from viruses in three major aspects : their minute size (they are ONE quarter of the size of the SMALLEST RNA virus, i.e., 250 400 bases), the GENOME does not encode any proteins and they are not encapsidated. Moreover, viroid infection is mediated mechanically.
Discussion
17076.

Question : How are viroids different from viruses ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17077.

Question : How are the terms critical concentration and deficient different from each other in terms of concentration of an essential element in plants? Can you find the values of critical concentration and deficient for minerals - Fe and Zn?

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17078.

Question : How are the male and female gametophytes of pteridophytes and gymnosperms different from each other?

Answer»

Solution :MALE and FEMALE gametophyte are DIFFERENT from each other in pteridophytes and GYMNOSPERMS in this way. 
Discussion
17079.

Question : How are the kidneys involved in controlling blood volume? How is the volume of blood in the body related to arterial pressure?

Answer»

Solution :
1. Juxta glomerular apparatus (IGA) is a specialized tissue in the afferent arteriole of the nephron that consists of macula densa and granular cells.
2. The macula densa cells sense distal tubular flow and affect afferent arteriole diameter, whereas the granular cells SECRETE an enzyme called renin,
3. A fall in glomerular blood flow, glomerular blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate, can activate JG cells to release renin which converts a plasma protein, angiotensinogen (synthesized in the liver) to angiotensin I.
4. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACH)converts : angiotensin 1 to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II ! stimulates Na* reabsorption in the proximal : convoluted tubule by vasoconstriction of the blood vessels and increases the glomerular blood pressure.
5. Angiotensin II acts at different sites such as ! heart, kidney, brain, adrenal cortex and blood vessels.
6. It stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone that CAUSES reabsorption of Na*, ! K* excretion and ABSORPTION of water from the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.
7.This increases the glomerular blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate. This complex mechanism is generally known as Renin- ! Angiotensin- Aldosterone System (RAAS).
Discussion
17080.

Question : How are the formation of joints occur ? Discuss in detail, types of joints and its usages.

Answer»

Solution :Structural arrangements of TISSUES which connects two or more bones at the place of their articulation is called joints.
Joints are essential for all types of movements involving the bony parts of the body.
Joints are POINTS of contact between bones or between bones and cartilages. Force generated by the muscles is used to carry out movement through joints, where the joints acts as a fulcrum.
Joints have been classified into 3 MAJOR structural forms, namely:
(1) Fibrous (2) Cartilaginous (3) Synovial.
Fibrous joints : Immovable joints do not allow any movement. This type of joint is shown by the flat skull bones which fuse end-to-end with the help of dense fibrous connective tissues in the form of sutures, to form the cranium.
Cartilaginous joints : The bones are joined together with the help of cartilages.
The joints between the adjacent vertebral in the vertebal column is of this pattern.
It permits limited movements.
Synovial joints : These joints are characterised by the presence of a fluid filled synovial cavity between the articulating surfaces of two bones.
Such an ARRANGEMENT allows considerable movement.
These joints help in locomotion and many other movements.
(i) Ball and SOCKET joint (between humerus and pectoral girdle)
(ii) Hinge joints (knee joint)
(iii) Pivot joint (between the carpals)
(iv) Gliding joint (between the carpals)
(v)Saddle joint (between carpal and metacarpal of thumb)
Discussion
17081.

Question : How are the fruits classified based on the formation?

Answer»

Solution :Based on the formation fruits as below classified:
a) True Fruit: Ovary DEVELOPS into fruit without any non-carpellary PART. Eg: Cassia, Ipomoe.
b) Flase/Accessory Fruit: In addition to the Ovary the floral parts like thalamus (Apple, Strawberry, CASHEW nut), Perianth(Jack fruit) develop into the fruit.
C) Parthenocarpic fruit: Development of fruit without FERTILIZATION. They are seedless fruits. Eg: Banana.
Discussion
17082.

Question : How are the activities of gastro-intestinal tract regulated ?

Answer»

Solution :The activities of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract (GIT) are under nueral and hormonal control for proper coordination amongst different parts. The gastrointestinal track is innervated by intrinsic nerves as well as by extrinsic nerves.
The intrinsic nuera system, also called the enteric nueral system consists of (i) meissner's plexus situated in the SUBMUCOSA and (ii) Auerbach's plexus situated in the muscular layer. The enteric nueral system controls most of the gastrointestinal functions like secretion and motility.
The extrinsic innervation of the presence of food in the ORAL cavity can stimulate the secretion of the saliva through vagus NERVE. Gastric and intestinal secretions are also stimulate the secretion of the signals. The muscular activity of different parts of the alimentry canal can also be moderate by neural mechanisms, both local and through CNS.
Hormonal control of the secretions of DIGESTIVE juice is carried out by the local hormones produced by the gastric and intestinal mucosa. These include gastrin (stimulate release of gastric juice), enterogastrone (inhibit gastric secrection and motility), secretin (decreases gastric secretion), duodocrinin (stimulate Brunner's gland) etc.
Discussion
17083.

Question : How are the activities of gastro-intesinal tract regulated ?

Answer»

Solution :The ACTIVITIES of the gastro intestinal tract are under neural and hormonal CONTROL for proper coordination of different parts. Gastrointestinal tract is SURROUNDED by external and INTERNAL NERVES.
Discussion
17084.

Question : How are simple fruits classified?

Answer»

Solution :Simple fruit is classified based on the nature of pericarp as follows

1. Fleshy fruit has Fleshy pericarp.
2. Dry fruit has pericarp at maturity and may dehisce (Dry DEHISCENT) or DECAY (Dry Indehiscent) to liberate the seeds.
3. SCHIZOCARPIC fruit splits into one SEEDED parts which remain indehiscent at maturity.
Discussion
17085.

Question : How are salamanders different from snakes ?

Answer»

Ancestors of snakes but not SALAMANDERS were tetrapods
Salamanders REPRODUCE on LAND but snakes do not
Snakes but not salamanders LAY a shelled egg
Salamanders are carnivores, and snakes are herbivores

Solution :Snakes but not salamanders lay a shelled egg
Discussion
17086.

Question : How are respiratory gases transported in the humanblood ?

Answer»

Solution :(i) Bloodtransports 1 - 3% of `O_(2)`in dissolved formin the blood plasma and 97-99%of `O_(2)`as oxyhaemoglobinformedbycombination of OXYGENAND haemoglobin fo RBCs.
(ii) Blood transports7% of `CO_(2)`as CARBONIC acid70% of `CO_(2)`sas sodium and POTASSIUM bicarbonatesand 23% of `CO_(2)`ascarbaminohaemoglobin.
Discussion
17087.

Question : How are pteridophytes classified by Reimer ?

Answer»

Solution :The pteridophytes are divided into FIVE subdivisions by Reimer in 1954.
1. psilophytopsida 2. Psilotopsida
3.Lycopsida 4. Sphenopsida
5. Pteropsida.
Discussion
17088.

Question : How are protoplasm of two adjacent cells conncected to each other?

Answer»

SOLUTION :PLASMODESMATA
Discussion
17089.

Question : How are prosthetic groups different from co-factors ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Prosthetic GROUPS are organic compound, LINKS strongly with apoenzyme co-factors are small, nonprotein organic/inorganic co-factors when LOOSELY links with enzymes are known as coenzymes and when strongly links with apoenzyme known as prosthetic group.
Discussion
17090.

Question :How are polysaccharides digested?

Answer»

Solution :Digestion of polysaccharides
ACTION of saliva
Starch `UNDERSET("amylase") OVERSET("Salivary")to`Maltose + Isomaltose +`alpha -`dextrins
Action of pancreatic juice
Starch `underset( alpha " amylase ")overset("PANCREASE ")`- Maltose + Isomaltose `+ alpha`-dextrins
Discussion
17091.

Question : How are polysaccharides and disaccharides digested?

Answer»

SOLUTION :In mouth-polysaccharides
(starch) `overset"Ptylin"to` Maltose
In stomach - carbohydrates of chyme are hydrolysed by AMYLASE of pancreatic juice and DISACCHARIDES are formed.
Polysaccharide (starch) `overset"Amylase"to` disaccharide (maltose)
Ileum-Digestion of Disaccharide
Maltose `overset"Maltase"to` GLUCOSE+Glucose
Lactose `overset"Lactase"to` Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose `overset"Sucrase"to` Glucose +Fructose
Discussion
17092.

Question : How are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :In both the processes plants obtain enrgy.
In PHOTOSYNTHESIS plants GET energy from solar energy.
In repiration it decomposes the molecule of glucose and obtains energy in the form of ATP

Both are DEPENDENT on each other. LIKE wise th product glucose of photosynthesis is used up in formation of ATP in respiration and during that time releases `H_(2)O and CO_(2)`.
This `CO_(2) and H_(2)O` are used up by plants in formation of sugar in photosynthesis.
Discussion
17093.

Question : How are organisms like pseudomonas and Thiobacillus of great significance in nitrogen cycle?

Answer»

Solution :PSEUDOMONAS and THIOBACILLUS are included in Denitrification. They convert nitrate `(NO_3^-)` and Nitrite `(NO_2^-)` in to free NITROGEN `(N_2)` which is released into ATMOSPHERE.
Discussion
17094.

Question : How are open Vascular bundles differ from closed vascular bundles?

Answer»

Solution :Open Vascular bundles: These vascular bundles contain a strip of cambium in between PHLOEM and xylem. Open vascular bundles are collateral and BICOLLATERAL.
Closed vascular bundles: Intrafascicular cambium is ABSENT. Closed vascular bundles can be collteral or concentric.
Discussion
17095.

Question : How are minerals absorbed by plants?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The studies on mechanism of absorption of elements by plants has been carried out in isolated cells, TISSUES or organs.
In the FIRST phase, an initial RAPID untake of ions into the free space or outer space of cells the apoplast is passive.
In the second phase of uptake, the ions are taken in slowly into the inner space, the symplast of the cells.
The passive movement of ions into the apoplast usually occurs through ion -channels, the transmembrane proteins that FUNCTION as selective pores.
On the other hand , the entry or exit of ions to and from the symplast requires the expenditure of metabolic energy . Which is an active process.
The movement of ions is usually called flux.
The inward movement into the cells in influx and the outward movement, efflux.
Discussion
17096.

Question : How are lungs protected?

Answer»

Solution :The lungs are LIGHT spongy tissues ENCLOSED in the thoracic cavity surrounded by an AIR tight space. It is bound dorsally by the vertebral column and ventrally by the sternum, jatetauy by the ribs and on the lower side by the dome shaped DIAPHRAGM.
Discussion
17097.

Question : How are Gymnosperms classified ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :They are CLASSIFIED into 3 CLASSES by sporne,
1.Cycadospsida 2.Coniferosida 3.Gnetopsida
Discussion
17098.

Question : How are exarch and endarch conditions different anatomically in stem and root ?

Answer»

Solution :In stem anatomical condition is endarch in dicot as WELL as monocot stem. In endarch in dicot as well as monocot stem. In endarch condition PROTOXYLEM LIES towards the INNERSIDE of vascular bundle . However, in anatomy of ROOT, the condition is exarch i.e. protoxylem is towards outside and metaxylem is towards centre.
Discussion
17099.

Question : How are earthworms classified based on their activity?

Answer»

Solution :1. Earthworms are DIVIDED into TWO major groups.
2. The first group, the humus formers, dwell on the surface and feed on organic matter. They are generally darker in colour.
These worms are USED for vermicomposting.
3. The SECOND group,the humus feeders, are burrowing worms that are useful in makingthe soil porous,andmixing and distributing humus through out the soil.
Discussion
17100.

Question : How are companion cells helpful to sieve tubes?

Answer»

Solution :Companion cells are CONNECTED with SIEVE tubes with plasmodesmata. The SUPPLY sieve tubes ATP, NUTRIENTS and proteins.
Discussion