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17001.

Question : How does butter in your food gets digested and absorbed?

Answer»

Solution : Butter is fatty substance, RICH in FATS or TRIGLYCERIDES. Digestion of butter will start in stomach and will be completed in small INTESTINE. Gastric juice contains a weak lipolytic gastric lipase which hydrolyses only small amounts of fats.
Discussion
17002.

Question : How does butter in your food gets digested and absorbed in the body?

Answer»

Solution :Digestion of fats:
Butter is a fat product and gets digested in the small intestine. The bile juice secreted by the liver contains bile salts that break down large fat GLOBULES into smaller globules, so as to increase their surface area for the action of lipase. This process is referred to as emulsification of fats.
After this, the pancreatic lipase present in the pancreatic juice and the intestinal lipase present in the intestinal juice hydrolyse the fat molecules into TRIGLYCERIDES, diglycerides, monoglycerides, and ULTIMATELY into glycerol.
`"Fats "overset("Pencreatic")underset("lipase")RARR" Triglycerides + Diglycerides"`
`"Diglycerides and monoglycerides "overset("Lipases")rarr" Fatty acids + Glycerol"`
Absorption of fats:
Fat absorption is an active process. During fat digestion, fats are hydrolysed into fatty acids and glycerol. However, since these are water insoluble, they cannot be directly absorbed by the blood. Hence, they are first incorporated into small droplets called micelles and then transported into the VILLI of the intestinal mucosa.They are then reformed into small microscopic particles called chylomicrons, which are small, protein-coated fat globules. These chylomicrons are transported to the lymph vessels in the villi. From the lymph vessels, the absorbed food is finally released into the blood stream and from the blood stream, to each and every cell of the body.
Discussion
17003.

Question : How does butter in your food get digested and absorbed in the body ?

Answer»

Solution :(i) ENZYME LIPASE located in gastric juice digests fats in small amounts.
Bile salts of bile juice convert fats into small globules by emulsification.
Fats `overset"Lipases"to` Fatty acid+GLYCEROL
Lipid in duodenum `overset"Lipase"to` Diglyceride `to` Monoglyceride succus entericus.
Di and Monoglycerides `to` Fatty acid + Glycerol .
(ii) Fatty acids and Glycerol being insoluble cannot be ABSORBED into the blood.
They are first incorporated into small droplets called micelles which move into the intestinal mucosa. They are reformed into very small protein coated fat globules called the CHYLOMICRONS which are transported into the lymph vessels (lacteals) in the villi. These lymph vessels ultimately release the absorbed substances into the blood stream.
Discussion
17004.

Question : How does bile help in the digestion offats?

Answer»

Solution : (i) Bile provides the alkaline medium for the PROPER activity of fat DIGESTING enzymes-pancreatic and INTESTINAL. (ii) It EMULSIFIES the fats to increase their surface area for the action of LIPASES.
Discussion
17005.

Question : How does artrial natriuretic factor decreases blood pressure ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :By DILATION of the BLOOD VESSELS.
Discussion
17006.

Question : How does an isometric contraction take place?

Answer»

Solution :In isometric contraction the length of the muscle does not CHANGE but the tension of the muscle changes. The FORCE PRODUCED is changed. e.g., pushing against a wall, HOLDING a heavy BAG.
Discussion
17007.

Question : How does an isotonic contraction take place?

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SOLUTION :In isotonic contraction the lengthof the musclechangesbut the tensionremains constant .The force PRODUCED is UNCHANGED. E.g .,LIFTING dumbbells and weight liftingdumbbelght lifting .
Discussion
17008.

Question : How does air enter into animal body during respiration in Periplaneta Americana ?

Answer»

`O_(2)` SPREADS by DIFFUSION from spiracle of LOWER thoracic region trachea, tracheal tubes cells.
`O_(2)` enters in MOUTH, tracheal tubes and cells of trachea.
Oxygen is released in spiracle of lower thoracic region, tracheal tubes and cells of tracheal tubes.
In sub PHARYNGEAL mouth, pharynx, tracheal tubes, tissues.

Answer :A
Discussion
17009.

Question : How does Agrobacterium help in Genetic engineering?

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Solution :Agrobacterium TUMEFACIENS causes crown gall disease in plants but its inherent tumour inducing principle helps to carry the desired gene into the plant through GENETIC ENGINEERING.
Discussion
17010.

Question : Howdoes a tree trunk exchange gases with theenvironmentalthough it lacks stomata ?

Answer»

Solution :The branches of oldplants are PROTECTED by CAMBIUM whose lowerepidermis is broken AIRY Lenticels are produced in it. They do exchange of GASES and TRANSPIRATION through it.
Discussion
17011.

Question : How does a pneumatopore work ?

Answer»

Solution :Pneumatopores are the SPECIAL above-ground roots growing above the surface of water seen in plants growing in water logged soils. These pneumatopores has small PORES that facilitate the INTAKE of oxygen by roots.
Discussion
17012.

Question : How does a gap junction facilitate intercellular communication ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Celestial connection facilitates small molecules to pass through from one CELL to second cell through intercellular integration. They are hydrophillic pathways between two animal cells which is made up of two CYLINDER of protein. They are called Connexus. Each Connexus possesses six subunits of protein which surrounds hydrophillic pathway. pH and concentration of `Ca^(+2)` REGULATE the opening and closing of pathway.
Discussion
17013.

Question : How does a carrier protein functions ?

Answer»

Solution :Carrier protein acts as a vehicle to CARRY molecules from OUTSIDE of the MEMBRANE to inside the cell and vice versa. Due to association with molecules to be transported, the structure of carrier protein gets MODIFIED until the dissociation of the molecules.
Discussion
17014.

Question : How do you prepare your own herbarium sheets? What are the different tools you carry with you while collecting plants for the preparation of a herbarium ? What information should a preserved plant material on the herbarium sheet provide for taxonomical studies ?

Answer»

Solution :Following are the VARIOUS steps of preparing herbarium :
(a) Collection : This step involves collection of a particular species.
(b) Pressing : This step involves spreading the specimen and pressing it between two sheets of paper so as to preserve most of the parts.
(c) Drying : This step usually involves drying under the sun.
(d) Poisoning : Sometimes, antifungal treatment needs to be given to the specimen to preserve it for longer duration
(e) Mounting : This step involves mounting the specimen over a herbarium sheet. For the preparation of herbarium sheets, a sheet of about `29 xx 41 cm` is cut.
(f) LABELLING : This step involves WRITING full information and classification of the specimen.
Different tools which need to be carried while collecting plants for the preparation of a herbarium are digger and pruning KNIFE, sickle, vasculum, polythene bags, old newspaper of magazine, blotting paper, plant press, field notebooks, herbarium sheets, glue, labels etc.
The preserved material should have through information and classification. This should include the names of division, order, FAMILY, genus and species.
Discussion
17015.

Question : How do you distinguish between dorsal and ventral surface of the body of earthworm.

Answer»

Solution :The dorsal and ventral SIDES of earthworm can be identified by some definite characteristics. (i) Earthworm has a dark line papendicular to its dorsal surface. That is due to its dorsal blood vessel passing through the skin. (ii) Ventral surface has male and FEMALE genital PORES. (III) To HELP in copulation process there is one pair of genital pores (villies) located in 17- `19^(th)` segments. (iv) Ventral surface has num erous sm all exeretory pores.
Discussion
17016.

Question : How do you distinguish between hypogeal germination and epigel germination ? What is the role of cotyledon (s) and the endosperm in the germination of seeds ?

Answer»

Solution :Difference between Hypogeal and Epigeal germination.

Contribution of COTYLEDONS and endosperm : Seed COAT and endosperm possess STORED food , while seed does IMBIBITION of water . Enzymes become active, stored food does hydrolysis of food and CONVERTS into available form for germination.
Discussion
17017.

Question : How do you distinguish between a skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle?

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17018.

Question : How do you call a fatty acid as saturated or unsaturated?

Answer»

Solution :If the hydrocarbon CHAIN is SINGLE bonded, then the fatty acid is said to be saturated. In unsaturated fatty ACIDS, the hydrocarbon chain is DOUBLE bonded.
Discussion
17019.

Question : Write a note on BMI.

Answer»

Solution :Degree of obesity is assessed by body mass index (BMI). A normal BMI range for adult is 19-25, above25 is CONSIDERED as obese. BMI is calculated as body weight in Kg, divided by the square of body HEIGHT in meters. For EXAMPLE, a 50 Kg person with a height of 160 cms would have a BMI of 19.5.
That is BMI `=50//1.6^(2)=19.5`
Discussion
17020.

Question : How do the skeletal elements of a cell differ from our skeletal parts ?

Answer»

Solution :Cell's SKELETAL orgenelles are not permanent unlike our skeleton. Their COMPONENTS can disassemble, move to a new location and reform as NEEDED.
Discussion
17021.

Question : How do the various leaf modifications help plants ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :For ANSWER SEE section-A, Q. No. 11
Discussion
17022.

Question : How do the terms corallum and corallite differ ?

Answer»

Solution :Corallite is the CALCAREOUS exoskeletonof an INDIVIDUAL and corallum is the exoskeleton of ENTIRE COLONY.
Discussion
17023.

Question : How do the pills work? i) Inhibit ovulation and implantation ii) Alter the quality of cervical mucus to prevent or retard the entry of sperms iii) Prevent the ejaculated semen from entering the female vagina iv) Inhibit spermatogenesis

Answer»

(i), (II) and (III)
(i) and (ii)
(ii), (iii) and (IV)
(iii) and (iv)

ANSWER :B
Discussion
17024.

Question : How do the Danielli-Davson and Robertson models of cell membrane resemble ?

Answer»

Solution :Both REGARD CELL membrane to CONSIST of a phospholipid BILAYER covered on either side by a protein monolayer
Discussion
17025.

Question : How do the archae differ from the bacteria ?

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SOLUTION :Archaebacteria are CHARACTERISED by possessing cell WALLS without peptidoglycan, a substance found in the walls of eubacteria. The LIPIDS in their plasma membrane are branched, differing not only from those of other bacteria but also from all other organisms. The phototrophic FORMS use the pigment bacteriorhodopsininstead of bacteriochlorophyll used by eubacteria.
Discussion
17026.

Question :How do the children of the same parents come tp differ among themelves and also from the parents in certain features?

Answer»


ANSWER :NA
Discussion
17027.

Question : How do sperm lysosomes help in fertilization ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Byreleaisng ENZYMES that DISSOLVE EGG membranes for sperm entry.
Discussion
17028.

Question : How do roots hairs enhance theabsorption of water?

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SOLUTION :They increase the SURFACE area of ROOTS. It helps in making contact with LARGE quantity of water.
Discussion
17029.

Question : How do proteins differ from fats in their energy value and their role in the body ?

Answer»

Solution : The calorific value and physiological fuel value of one gram of protein are 5.65 kcal and 4 Kual respectively, Fat has a calorific value of 9.45 Kcal and the physiological fuel value of 9 Keal PER gram. Proteins are the SOURCE of amino acids REQUIRED for growth and repair of hody cells. They are stored in the body only to a CERTAIN extent. They REPLACE the wom out protoplasm. They are important for the production of many enzymes, hormones and plasma The catabolism of amino acids releases toxic nitrogenous wastes which are removed by the kidneys.
Discussion
17030.

Question : How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ ?

Answer»

Solution :A prokaryotic flagellum consists of a single strand MADE of the protein FLAGELLIN, whereas a EUKARYOTIC flagellum is composed of 9+2 microtubules formed of the protien tubulin.
Discussion
17031.

Question : How do plants absorb water ?

Answer»

Solution :IMPORTANCE of roots in absorption : Roots absorb most of the water that goes into plants. The responsibility of absorption of water and minerals is more specifically the function of the root hairs. Roots hairs are present at the tips of the roots.
Root hairs are thin walled slender extensions of root epidermal CELLS that GREATLY increase the surface area for absorption.
Water is absorbed along with mineral solutes, by the root hairs, purely by diffusion.
Once water is absorbed by the root hairs, it can move deeper into root layers by two distinct pathways:
(1) Apoplast Pathway
(2) Symplast Pathway

Apoplast Pathway: The apoplast is the system of adjacent cell walls that is continuous throughout the plant.
Except at the casparian strips of the endodermis in the roots.
The apoplastic movement of water occurs exclusively through the intercellular spaces and the walls of the cells.
Note : Movement through the apoplast does not involve crossing the cell membrane. It is dependent on the gradient.
The apoplast does not provide any barrier to the water movement and water movement is through mass flow.
As water evaporates into the intercellular spaces or the atmosphere, tension develop the continuous stream of water in the apoplast.
Hence mass flow of water occurs due to the adhesive and cohesive properties of water.
Symplast Pathway: The symplastic system is the system of interconnected protoplasts.
Neighbouring cells are connected through cytoplasmic strands that extend through plasmodesmata.
Water has to ENTER the cells through the cell membrane, hence the movement relatively slower.
Movement is again down a potential gradient.
Symplastic movement may be aided by cytoplasmic STREAMING.
e.g., In cells of the Hydrilla leaf, the movement of chloroplast due to streaming is easily visible.
Discussion
17032.

Question : What are oxidoreductases?

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17033.

Question : How do oxytocin, progesterone and estrogen differ from each other ?

Answer»

Solution :OXYTOCIN causes milk EJECTION and CONTRACTION of UTERUS at time of child birth.Progesterone–causes milk SECRETION and maintains pregnancy.
Discussion
17034.

Question : How do our bone joints function without grinding noise and pain ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :ARTICULATING surfaces of bones form synovial space filled with synovial FLUID which works WITHOUT grinding of bones and pain, act as lubricant.
Discussion
17035.

Question : How do neutral solutes move across the plasma membrane ? Can the polar molecules also move across it in the same way ? If not, then how are these transported across the membrane ?

Answer»

Solution :Neutral solutes MAY move ACROSS the membrane by the process of simple diffusion along the concentration gradient, i.e., from higher concentration to the lower.
As the polar molecules cannot PASS through the nonpolar lipid bilayer they require a carrier protein of the membrane to FACILITATE the TRANSPORT across the membrane.
Discussion
17036.

Question : How do neutral solutes move across the plasma membrane? Can the polar molecules also move across it in the same way? If not, then how are these transported across the membrane?

Answer»

Solution :Neutral solutes may move across the MEMBRANE by the process of SIMPLE diffusion along the concentration gradient, i.e., from higher concentration to the LOWER. As the polar molecules cannot pass through the non-polar lipid bilayer, they require a carrier PROTEIN of the membrane to facilitate their transport across THEMEMBRANE.
Discussion
17037.

Question : How do mosses promote the growth of higher plants?

Answer»

Solution :Mosses are small , non-vascular PLANTS. They play a vital role in regulating ECOSYSTEMS because they PROVIDE an important buffer system for other higher plants, which live alongside and BENEFIT from the water and nutrients that they collect.
Discussion
17038.

Question : How do metaphase of mitosis and metaphase-I of mciosis differ from each other?

Answer»

Solution :(i) In Metaphase of mitosis, the chromosomes ARRANGE in ONE EQUATORIAL PLATE, while in metaphase-I of meiosis, bivalents are arranged in two equatorial plates.
(i) In metaphase of mitosis each chromosome is attached by two chromosomal FIBRES while in metaphase-I, eachchromosome is attached by one chromosomal fibre.
Discussion
17039.

Question : How do earthworms sense activity in their habitat without eyes, ears or a nose?

Answer»

Solution :1. The Photoreceptors (SENSE of light) are found on the dorsal surface of the body.
2. Gustatory (sense of taste) and olfactory receptors (sense of smell) are found in the buccal cavity.
3. Tactile receptors (sense of touch), chemoreceptors(detect chemical changes) and thermoreceptors (changes in temperature) are present in the prostomium and the body wall.
4. Hence they can sense activity in their habitat easily without EYES, ears or a nose.
Discussion
17040.

Question : How do earthworms breathe?

Answer»

SOLUTION : In earthworms, RESPIRATION takes PLACE through the body wall by the moist skin diffusion, oxygen diffuses through the skin into the blood while CARBON dioxide from the blood diffuse out.
Discussion
17041.

Question : How do C_(3) plants differ from C_(4) plants in anatomy?

Answer»

SOLUTION :1. `C_(4)` plants show Kranz anatomy.
2. In `C_(4)` plants VASCULAR BUNDLES are surrounded by a layer of bundle sheath.
3. Bundle sheath is surrouned by a ring of Mesophyll cells.
4. Dimorphic chloroplast is a characteristic feature is `C_(
Discussion
17042.

Question : How do basophils help in body defense?

Answer»

PHAGOCYTOSIS of BACTERIA
Cell mediated as well as antibody mediated immunity
Heparin secretion to PREVENT thrombosis
Causes ALLERGIC reactions

Answer :D
Discussion
17043.

Question : How do archaebacteria thrive at extreme temperatures and against lytic agents ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :The UNIQUE feature of archaebacteria is a presence of LIPIDS like glycerol and isopropyl ethers in their cell membrane. Due to the unique chemical COMPOSITION the cell membrane show resistance against cell wall antibiotics and lytic agents.
e.g. Methanobacterium.
Discussion
17044.

Question : How DNA differs from RNA?

Answer»

Solution :DNA has thymine base, WHEREAS RNA has uracil base. DNA has DEOXYRIBOSE sugar, whereas RNA has ribose sugar.
Discussion
17045.

Question : How is dinucleotide formed?

Answer»

Solution :Two nucleotides join to form dinucleotide that are linked through 3'-5' phosphodiester LINKAGE by condensation between PHOSPHATE groups of ONE with sugar of other. This is repeated MANY times to make POLYNUCLEOTIDE.
Discussion
17046.

Question : How did Aristotle classify organisms ?

Answer»

Solution :ARISTOTLE classified living organisms into PLANTS and animals. Animals were classified into walking (terrestrial), flying (birds) and swimming (aquatic) based on their locomotion. Based on the presence or absence of RED blood animals were classified into Enaima and ANAIMA.
Discussion
17047.

Question : How deoxygenated blood get collected in right atrium. Write correct path way a) Major veins (Vena cava) b) Different parts of body c) Right atrium d) Sinus venosus

Answer»

a-b-C- d 
b-d-a-c 
b-a-d-c 
b-c-a-d 

ANSWER :C
Discussion
17048.

Question : How dichotomous key helps in identification of plants ?

Answer»

SOLUTION :Dichotomous key CONSISTS of a sequence of two contrasting statements. A pair of contrasting statements is known as couplet. Each STATEMENT is known as lead. The plant is correctly identified with keys by NARROWING down the CHARACTERS found in plant.
Discussion
17049.

Question : How Cuscuta survives ?

Answer»

Solution :Cuscuta is a parasitic plant which PRODUCES haustorial ROOTS from STEM that penetrates into the tissue of host plant and SUCK nutrients. Thus Cuscuta survives.
Discussion
17050.

Question :How Cronquist classified the angiosperms?

Answer»

Solution :CRONQUIST classified the ANGIOSPERMS into two main classes Magnoliopsida and LILIOPSIDA.
Discussion