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17951.

Question : Discuss the external factors that affect seed germination.

Answer»

SOLUTION :External Factors:
a. Water: It activates the enzymes which digest the complex reserve foods of the seed. If the water content of the seed goes below a critical level, seeds fail to germinate.
b. Temperature: Seeds fails to germinate at very low and high temperature. The optimum temperature is `25^@C` to `35^@C`for most tropic species.
c. OXYGEN: It is necessary for GERMINATION. Since aerobic respiration is a physiological REQUIREMENT for germination most will germinate well in air containing 20% oxygen.
d. Light: There are many seeds which respond to light for germination and these seeds said to be photoblastic.
e. Soil Conditions: Germination of seed in its natural habit is influenced by soil conditions such as holding capacity, mineral COMPOSITION and aeration of the soil.
Discussion
17952.

Question : Discuss the assimilation of absorbed food in the body.

Answer»
Discussion
17953.

Question : Discuss the advantage of nosebreathing overmouth breathing.

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Solution :Nasal respiration helpsin : .
(i)Warming of AIR .
(ii) Filtering of air (dust particle are trapped).
(iii) Air- conditioning (Ingoingair is BROUGHT at body temperature ).
(iv) Moistening with evaporated MUCUS.
(v) Sterilizing the air (kills the BACTERIA).
(VI) Increasessurface area for smelling.
Discussion
17954.

Question : Discuss nucleoid in a bacterium.

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Solution :NUCLEOID is the INCIPIENT nucleus of BACTERIUM which lacks the NUCLEAR membrane, nucleoplasm and nucleolus. It is FORMED of single and circular chromosome formed of double -stranded DNA but is not associated with histones proteins.
Discussion
17955.

Question : Discuss in detail about types, proportion and function of blood corpuscles.

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Solution :Erythrocystes, Leucocytes and Platelets are collectively called formed elemets.
These elements constitute nearly 45 percents of the blood.
(a) Erythrocytes /Red blood cells (RBC) are the most abundant of all the cells in the blood.
A healthy adult man has an average 5 million to 5.5 million of RBCs `mm^(3)` of blood.
RBCs are devoid of nucleus in most of the mammals.
They are biconcave in shape.
They have a red coloured, iron containing complex protein called haemoglobin
A healthy indivdual has 12 - 16 gms of haemoglobin in EVERY 100 ml of blood.
Function : These molecules play a significant role in transport of respiratory gases like `O_(2)` and `CO_(2)`
RBCs are formed in the red bone marrow.
average life span is of 120 days
They are destroyed in spleen.
(b) Leucocytes are colourless due to the lack of haemoglobin.
They are relatively lesser in number which AVERAGES 6000-8000 `mm^(3)` of blood.
they are short lived.
they are nucleated.
On the basis of presence of granules in cytoplasm there are two types of WBCs : Granulocytes and 2. Agranulocytes.

(c) Platelets : They are ALSO called Thrombocytes.
They are cells fragments produced from megakaryocytes (special cells in the bone marrow).
Blood contains 1,500,00 - 3,500,00 platelets `Mm^(-3)`.
Platelets ralease a veriety of substances most of which are involved in the coagulation or clotting of blood.
A reduction in their number can lead to clotting disorders which will lead to excessive loss of blood from the body.
Discussion
17956.

Question : Discuss in detail the structure of plasma membrane with diagram.

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Solution :The detailed structure of the plasma membrane was studied only after the advent of electron microscope.
First of all study of plasma membrane of human RBC
The cell membrane of plasma membrane is composed of lipids that lipids are arranged within the membrane with the polar head towards the outer sides and the hydrophobic tails towards the inner part.
This ensures that the nonpolar tail of saturated hydrocarbons is protected from the aqueous environment. The lipid component of the membrane mainly consists of PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES.

Biochemical investigation clearly revealed that the cell membranes ALSO possess PROTEIN and carbohydrate. The ratio of protein and lipid varies considerably in different cell types.
In human beings, the membrane of the ERYTHROCYTE has approximately 52 per cent protein and 40 per cent lipids.
Depending on the ease of extraction, membrane proteins can be classified as integral or peripheral. Peripheral proteins lie on the surface of membrane while the integral proteins are partially or totally buried in the membrane.
An improved model of the structure of cell membrane was proposed by Singer and Nicolson (1972) widely accepted as fluid mosaic model figure. According to this, the quasi-fluid nature of lipid enables lateral MOVEMENT of proteins within the overall bilayer. This ability to move within the membrane is measured as its fluidity.
Discussion
17957.

Question : Explain the mode of nutrition in bacteria.

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Solution :Nutrition :
On the basis. of their mode of nutrition, bacteria are classified into TWO types:
1. Autotrophic Bacteria :
Bacteria which can synthesis their own food are called autotrophic bacteria. Further subdivided as:
A. Photoautotrophic bacteria :
Bacteria use sunlight as their source of energy to synthesize food. They are:
1. Photolithotrophs :
Hydrogen donor is an inorganic substance.
a. Green sulphur bacteria :
Hydrogen donor is `H_(2)S` and possess pigment called Bacterioviridin.
Eg : Chlorobium.
b. Purple sulphur bacteria
Hydrogen donor is thiosulphate, Bacteriochlorophyll is present. Chlorophyll containing chlorosomes are present. Eg: Chromatium
2. Photoorganotrophs :
They utilize organic acid or alcohol as hydrogen donor.
Eg : Purple non sulphur bacteria Rhodospirillum.
B. Chemoautotrophic bacteria :
Do not have photosynthetic pigment HENCE they cannot use sunlight energy. This type of bacteria obtains energy from organic or inorganic substance.
1. Chemolithotrophs :
This type oxidize inorganic compound to release energy Eg : Sulphur bacteria - Thiobacillus , thiooxidans
2. Chemo-organotrophs :
This type oxidize organic compounds to release energy.
Eg : Methane bacteria - Methanococcus
II. Heterotrophic Bacteria :
They are Parasites (Clostridium, MYCOBACTERIUM) Saprophytes (Bacillus mycoides) or Symbiotic (Rhizobium in root NODULES of LEGUMINOUS crops).
Discussion
17958.

Question : Discuss how classification systems have undergone several changes over a period of time ?

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Solution :CHANGES in classification system over a period of time, more criteria for classification were implemented BASED on observable MORPHOLOGICAL features.
These criteria are habitat, cell structure, nature of cell wall when present, MODE of nutrition and reproduction, evolutionary relationships.
PROKARYOTES have been kept as separate kingdom called Monera.
Eukaryotes (single-celled) have been separated in kingdom - Protista.
Discussion
17959.

Question : Discuss circulatory system in verious vertebrates and gradual development of heart.

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Solution :All vertebrates possesses a muscular chamberdd heart.
(1) Fishes have a 2 chambered heart with an atrium and a ventricle. In fishes heart makes the deoxygenated blood to flow eith pressure which is oxygenated by the gills and supplied to the BODY parts from where dexygenated blood is returned to the heart. (single circulation)
In amphibian and reptiles (except crocodile), there is their is three chambered heart with two atriums and one ventricle.
In AMPHIBIANS and reptiles the left atrium gets the deoxygenated blood from the gills/ lings / skin and the right atrium gets deoxygenated blood from other body parts. However they get mixed up in the single vertcal which pumps out mixed blood. (in complete double circulation)
Crocodile, birds and mammals possess four chambered heart with two atriums and two ventricles.
In birds and mammals oxygenated and deoxgenated blood received by the left and right atria respectively pass on the ventricals of the same side.
The ventricles pump it out without any mixing up. Two SEPARATE CIRCULATORY pathways are ptresent in these organisms
Discussion
17960.

Question : Discuss briefly the role of nucleolus in the cells actively involved in protein synthesis.

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Solution :NUCLEOLI is the main site for RRNA SYNTHESIS. It is a centre producing COMPONENTS of Ribosomes. If connects rRNA with protein forms SUBUNITS of Ribosomes. These units settle in cytoplasm and functions of protein synthesis.
Discussion
17961.

Question : Discuss about seed viability.

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Solution :VIABILITY: Usually seeds remain viable or living only for a particular PERIOD. Viability of seeds range from a few days (EXAMPLE: OXALIS) to more than hundred years. Maximum viability (1000 years) has been recorded in lotus seeds. Seeds germinate only WITHIN the period of viability.
Discussion
17962.

Question : Discovery of Amoeba was made by

Answer»

JENNER
Rossenhoff
Hofkins
Twait

Answer :B
Discussion
17963.

Question : Discoid stem without any stored food is found in

Answer»

TURMERIC
Curcum
POTATO
ALLIUM

ANSWER :D
Discussion
17964.

Question : Diplontic life cycle is shown by

Answer»

Fucus
Spirogyra
POLYSIPHONIA
Ectocarpus

Answer :A
Discussion
17965.

Question : Diplontic life cycle is observed

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All seed-bearing PLANTS 
BRYOPHYTES 
Algae
Fungi 

ANSWER :A
Discussion
17966.

Question : Diploid ( sporophytic ) phase is more prominent and long lived and haploid ( gametophytic ) phase is short lived .

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SOLUTION :Diplontic LIFE CYCLE is FOUND in ANGIOSPERMS.
Discussion
17967.

Question : Diploblastic, multicellular animals with coelenteron.

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SOLUTION :CNIDARIA
Discussion
17968.

Question : Diploblastic and triploblastic are terms that describe

Answer»

the number of invaginations during embryonic DEVELOPMENT
the number of HEADS during embryonic development
the number of germinal layers during embryonic development
the number of CELL types during development

Answer :C
Discussion
17969.

Question : Diploblastic organism among the following are

Answer»

ECHINODERMS
CEPHALOCHORDATES
cnidarians
flatworms

Answer :C
Discussion
17970.

Question : Dipeptideis

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structureoftwopeptidebonds
twoamino acidslinkedby onepeptide BOND
Bond betweenoneamino acidand onepeptide
None

Answer :B
Discussion
17971.

Question : Dioecious prothalli are produced in :

Answer»

LYCOPODIUM
SELAGINELLA
Pteridium
Pteris

Answer :B
Discussion
17972.

Question : Dinoflagellates and diatoms are

Answer»

YELLOW green
Green
Golden brown
Brown

ANSWER :C
Discussion
17973.

Question : Dikaryoticphase occurs in

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ASCOMYCETES
Phycomycetes
Basidiomycetes
1 and 3

ANSWER :D
Discussion
17974.

Question : Dikaryophase occurs in

Answer»

ASCOMYCETES
Phycomycetes
Basidiomycetes
1&3

ANSWER :D
Discussion
17975.

Question : Digestive secretions are secreted only when needed. Discuss.

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SOLUTION : DIGESTIVE glands are excerine glands which secrete biological CATALYSTS called enzymes. These enzyme CONVERT the complex, insoluble food materials like carbohydrates, proteins and lipids into SIMPLEX, soluble food materials like glucose and fructose, amino acids and fatty acids and glycerol. These digestive secretions act only when food materials are available in the alimentary canal
Discussion
17976.

Question : Digestive juice contains catalytic agents called ........... .

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VITAMINS
HORMONES
ENZYMES
NITRATES

SOLUTION :N/A
Discussion
17977.

Question : Digestive enzymes of intestinal juice are secreted by crypts of Lieberkuhn/Brunner's glands.

Answer»

SOLUTION :CRYPTS of LIEBERKUHN
Discussion
17978.

Question : Digestive glands are found in

Answer»

Drosera and Nepenthes
RIND of CITRUS
Leaves of GARDEN nestrutium
FLOWERS of Hibiscus

Answer :A
Discussion
17979.

Question : Digestive/Excretory organ is proboscis gland in Hemichordata.

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SOLUTION :EXCRETORY
Discussion
17980.

Question :Digestive enzymes are(a) hydrolases(b) oxidoreductases(c) transferases(d) lyases

Answer»

HYDROLASES
OXIDOREDUCTASES
transferases
lyases

SOLUTION :hydrolases
Discussion
17981.

Question : Digestion of both starch and protein is carried out by ………. .

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GASTRIC JUICE
Gastric LIPASE
PANCREATIC juice
Ptyalin

SOLUTION :N/A
Discussion
17982.

Question : Digestion is brought about by

Answer»

HORMONES
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
GROWTH factors
Enzymes

Answer :d
Discussion
17983.

Question : Digestion in coelenterates is

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INTRACELLULAR
EXTRACELLULAR
both (1) & (2)
outside the body

Answer :C
Discussion
17984.

Question : Diffustion of gases occurs in thealveolar region only and not in the other parts of respiratory system. Why?

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Solution :Diffusion of gases occurs only in the alveoli as they are LINED by THIN, moist, vascular and permeable respiratory membrane which allows the pulmonary gas exchange between oxygen of alveolar air and `CO_(2)` of blood. Other PARTS of respiratory system are lined by THICK lining which which does not allow exchange of gases.
Discussion
17985.

Question : Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region only and not in the other parts of respiratory system. Wht ?

Answer»

Solution :Because only alvelor regionis MADE up of squamous epithelium which ENABLES diffusion of gases. For efficient exchange of gases, RESPIRATORY SURFACE (alveolar walls) must have- (i) thin, moist, permeable surface (ii) it must be very large (III) it must be highly vascular. Only alveolar walls have these characteristics
Discussion
17986.

Question : Diffusion of gases occurs in the alveolar region only and not in the other parts of respiratory system. Why?

Answer»

Solution :The alveolar REGION is highly vascular. Each alveolus is MADE up of highly permeable and thin LAYERS of squamous epithelial cells. The barrier between the ALVEOLI and the capillaries isthin and diffusion of gases take place from higher partial pressure to lower partial pressure . Hence , gaseous exchange TAKES place in the aboral region only but not in any other part of the respiratory system .
Discussion
17987.

Question :Diffusion and osmosis

Answer»

Solution :Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration by random movement of the molecules or IONS of the substance. OSMOSIS is the net movement of water molecules (solvent molecules) through a differentially PERMEABLE or semipermeable membrane from LOW solute concentration to the region of high solute concentration.
Discussion
17988.

Question : Diffuse porous wood is seen in …………..

Answer»

QUERCUS
Maple
Pinus
ACER

Solution :Acer
Discussion
17989.

Question : Differnentiate ctenophora and Echinodermeta according to their body organisation and body symmetry.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17990.

Question : Differentiation in phloem is

Answer»

SOMETIMES CENTRIPETAL
Sometimes CENTRIFUGAL
ALWAYS centripetal
Always centrifugal

Answer :D
Discussion
17991.

Question :DifferntiateWhiteadiposetissue fromBrown adiposetissue.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17992.

Question : Differentiate types of bacteria on the basis of their shape.

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SOLUTION : Cocci (rounded BACTERIA e.g. Diplococcus), Bacillus (rod-shaped bacteria), VIBRIO (Comma-shaped bacteria e.g. of cholera) and SPIRILLUM (Corkscrew-shaped).
Discussion
17993.

Question : Differentiate the absolute growthrate from relative growth rate.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17994.

Question : Differentiate the characters of Gymnosperm & Angiosperm.

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SOLUTION :DIFFERENCE between GYMNOSPERMS and Angiospermns
Discussion
17995.

Question : Differentiate temporary parasites and permanent parasites.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17996.

Question : Differentiate - Template strand and coding strand.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17997.

Question : Differentiate Sympatric speciation and Allopatric speiation.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17998.

Question : Differentiate Simple epithelium and compound epithelium.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion
17999.

Question : Differentiate runner and offset.

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SOLUTION :Runner and OFFSET are SUB aerial stems.
Discussion
18000.

Question : Differentiate Regional Flora from continental flora.

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SOLUTION :
Discussion