Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.

17901.

Question : Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative re- production also considered as a type of asexual reproduction?

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17902.

Question : Distinguish between : Aqueous humor and Vitreous humor

Answer»

Solution :The space between the CORNEA and the lens is called the aqueous chamber. It contains THIN, watcry fluid called aqueous humor. The space between the lens and retina is called the VITREOUS chamber and is FILLED with a TRANSPARENT gel called vitreous humor.
Discussion
17903.

Question : Distinguish between: aqueous humour and vitreous humour

Answer»

SOLUTION :The FLUID present in the AQUEOUS chamber is called aqueous humour WHEREAS the fluid present in vitreous chamber is called vitreous humour.
Discussion
17904.

Question : Distinguish between arteries and veins.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17905.

Question : Distinguish between apoenzyme and coenzyme.

Answer»

Solution :Apoenzyme and Co-enzyme. Although enzymes are proteins other molecules are OFTEN REQUIRED for the proteins to SHOW enzymatic activity which are called as co-enzymes and the actual protein components are known as apoenzymes.
Co-enzymes are of low molecular weight and HEAT STABLE. The apoenzyme (proteins)have higher molecular weight and undergo deruaturation at temperature of `50 - 60^(@) C`.
Discussion
17906.

Question : Distinguish between anamorph and telomorph.

Answer»

Solution :`{:("Anamorph","Telomorph"),("The ASEXUAL phase of fungi is called anamorph","The SEXUAL phase of fungi is called telomorph"):}`
Discussion
17907.

Question : Distinguish between: afferent neurons and efferent neurons

Answer»

Solution :The neuron which connects sense organs and BRAIN is CALLED AFFERENT neuron. The neuron which connects brain and effecttor organs (the organ which are able to respond e.g. MUSCLES) is called efferent neuron.
Discussion
17908.

Question : Distinguish between : Afferent neurons and Efferent neurons.

Answer»

Solution :The afferent nerve fibres transmit IMPULSES from tissues/organs to the CNS and the efferent fibres TRANSMITS regulatory IMPULES from the CNS to the CONCERNED organs.
Discussion
17909.

Question : Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17910.

Question : Distinguish betweenAdipose and blood tissue

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17911.

Question : Distinguish between : (a) villi and mirovilli.(b) Sucrase and maltase. (c ) Peptic and oxyntic cells(d) Duffusion and active absorption. (e ) Lipases and peptidases.(f) Extracellular digestion and intracellular digestion.

Answer»
Discussion
17912.

Question :Distinguish between a prokaryote and a eukaryote, givingan example of each.

Answer»

Solution :The prokaryotic CELL lacks membrane bound ORGANELLES and the genetic material, DNA, is not ORGANISED into distinct chromosomes. Whereas the EUKARYOTIC cell contains membrane bound organelles and the DNA is located in chromosomes. The cells of bacteria and cyanobacteria are examples of prokaryotic cells, whereas the cells of all organisms other than bacteria andcyanobacteria are eukaryotic.
Discussion
17913.

Question : Distinguish between a phagosome, a heterophagosome and an autophagosome.

Answer»

SOLUTION :PHAGOSOME is a vesicle that form around a particle and separates it from the plasmalemma , HETEROPHAGOSOME is a vesicle FORMED by the union of a phagosome and a lysosome , AUTOPHAGOSOME is a vesicle formed by fusion of many lysosome around a cell's own damaged organelle.
Discussion
17914.

Question : Distinguish Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17915.

Question : Distinguish : Aqueous humor and Vitreous humor.

Answer»

Solution :AQUEOUS HUMOR : FLUID present between the cornea and the lens, it is thin watery fluid.
VITREOUS humor: The fluid present between the lens and the retina, it is transparent GEL.
Discussion
17916.

Question : Distinguish between a healthy cattle and ill cattle.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17917.

Question : Distinguish apogamy and apospory.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17918.

Question :Distinguish anaphase of mitosis from anaphase I of meiosis.

Answer»

SOLUTION :CENTROMERE is SPLIT during ANAPHASE of MITOSIS while centromere does not split during anaphase of meiosis-I.
Discussion
17919.

Question : Distinguish anal cerci and anal style.

Answer»

SOLUTION :
Discussion
17920.

Question : Distinctivefeature of chordates is

Answer»

DORSAL HEART
solid NERVE cord
absence of TAIL
notochord

Answer :D
Discussion
17921.

Question : Dissociation curve of O_(2) (which is dissociation from Hb) shifts to the rights

Answer»

`O_(2)` CONCENTRATION decrease
`CO_(2)` concentration DECREASES
`CO_(2)` concentration increase
Chloride concentration increases

Solution :`CO_(2)` concentration increase
Discussion
17922.

Question : Disha is suffering from high blood pressure and her doctor advised her to start medication to control her blood pressure. But she is reluctant to take medicines. Her friend Sanya convinces her to take the medicines. Mention the normal blood pressure of a healthy person.

Answer»

Solution :NORMAL blood PRESSURE of healthy PERSON is :
`(120 "MM Hg")/(80 "mm Hg")`
Discussion
17923.

Question : Disha is suffering from high blood pressure and her doctor advised her to start medication to control her blood pressure. But she is reluctant to take medicines. Her friend Sanya convinces her to take the medicines. Which organ can be affected due to high blood pressure (Name any two)

Answer»

SOLUTION :HEART and BRAIN
Discussion
17924.

Question : Disha is suffering from high blood pressure and her doctor advised her to start medication to control her blood pressure. But she is reluctant to take medicines. Her friend Sanya convinces her to take the medicines. Which values do you observe in Somya? (any two)

Answer»

Solution :(i) Sanya is CARING and responsible
(ii) She is AWARE of the affects of HIGH blood pressure.
Discussion
17925.

Question :Diseases which can be transmitted from person to person by close contact are

Answer»

INFECTIOUS and contagious
Contagious and GENETIC
NON Infectious
congenital

ANSWER :A
Discussion
17926.

Question :Diseases which are transmitted through contaminated food and water

Answer»

ascariasis, filariasis, T.B
malaria, TYPHOID, DENGUE
Typhoid, AMOEBIASIS & ascariasis
filariasis, amoebiasis, dengue

Answer :C
Discussion
17927.

Question : Diseases which are easily transmitted from one person to another are called

Answer»

CONGENITAL DISEASES
Non-infectious diseases
Hereditary diseases
Infectious diseases

ANSWER :D
Discussion
17928.

Question : Diseases transmitted by droplet infection

Answer»

ASTHMA
PNEUMONIA only
typhoid
bronchitis

ANSWER :B
Discussion
17929.

Question : Diseases that are spread through insect vectors

Answer»

MALARIA, filariasis
RINGWORMS, COLD
Typhoid, Flu
Flu, RHINITIS

Answer :A
Discussion
17930.

Question :Diseases such as plague, malaria, typhoid, etc., which are transmitted from person to person are

Answer»

CONGENITAL DISEASES
metabolic disorders
communicable disease
degenerative diseases

ANSWER :C
Discussion
17931.

Question : Diseases are broadly grouped into infectious and non-infectious diseases. In the list given below, identify the infectious diseases.i) cancer ii) influenza iii) allergy iv) small pox

Answer»

i and II
ii and III
iii and IV
ii and iv

Answer :D
Discussion
17932.

Question : Disease caused by phycomycetes.

Answer»

Solution :Example : Some common examples are Mucor, Rhizopus (the bread mould) and Albugo (The parasitic fungi on mustard). Disease caused by the members of Phycomycetes are white rust (Albugo), late blight of potato (Phytophtora infestants), down mildew (peronosphora parasitica) etc.

(B) Ascomycetes : Commonly known as Sac-fungi, the ascomycetes are mostly multicellular eg. penicillium, or rarely unicellular eg. yeast (saccharomyces).
Mode of nutrition : They are saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung).
Body organisation : Mycelium is branched and septate.
It may consist of distinct hyphae or the some may aggregate to produce prosonchyma 
(It is formed of distinct hyphae running together in parallel) and pseudoparenchyma
(It is false parenchyma formed by close parking and fusion of hyphae).
Reproduction :
Asexual reproduction : The asexual spores are conidia produced exogenously on the special mycelium called conidiophores.
Conidia on germination produce mycelium.
Sexual reproduction : Sexual spores are called ascospores which are produced endogenously in sac like asci (singular ascus).
These asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called ascocarps.
Example : Aspergillus, Claviceps and NEUROSPORA.

Economic importance : Neurospora is used extensively in biochemical and GENETIC work.
Many members like morels and truffles are edible and are CONSIDERED delicacies.
(C ) Basidiomycetes :
Common characters : Commonly known forms of basidiomycetes are mushrooms, bracket fungi or puffballs.
Habitat: They grow in soil, on logs and TREE stumps and in living plant bodies as parasites eg. rusts and smuts.
Body organizations : The mycelium is branched and septate.
Reproduction: The asexual spores are generally not found but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation is common.
The sex organs are absent but plasmogamy is brought about by fusion of two vegetative or somatic cells of different strains or genotypes.

The resultant structure is dikaryotic which ultimately gives rise to basidium.
Karyogamy and meiosis take place in the basidium producing four basidiospores.
The basidiospores are exogenously produced on the basidium (pl. basidia).
The basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.
Example : Agaricus (mushroom), ustilago (SMUT), puccinia (rust fungus), Amanita (toad stools) bracket fungi, Lycoperdon (puftballs).
(D) Deuteromycetes :
Common characters : Commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual or vegetative phase of these fungi are known.
When the sexual forms of these fungi were discovered they were moved into classes they rightly belong to.
It is also possible that the asexual and vegetative stage have been given one name (and placed under deuteromycetes) and the sexual stage another (and placed under another class).
Later when the linkages were established, the fungi were correctly identified and moved out of deuteromycetes.
Once perfect (sexual) stages of members of dueteromycetes were discovered they were often moved to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
The deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores known as conidia, The mycelium is septate and branched.
Some members are saprophytes or parasites while a large number of them are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling
Examples : Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma.
Discussion
17933.

Question :Disease Causative organism Vector I) Chagas-Trypanosoma gambience-Triatoma II) Kala-azar- Leishmania donovani -Phlebotomus III) Hydatid disease - Echinococcus granulosus - Female Anopheles IV) Malignant tertian malaria-Plasmodium falciparum- Female AnophelesIdentify the correct combination

Answer»

I, II, III
II, IV
III, IV
I, IV

Answer :C
Discussion
17934.

Question :Discuss with your teacher about (i) haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs, and (ii) some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur.

Answer»

SOLUTION :(i) Male honey bee, termite and ant arehaploid INSECTS because they are PRODUCED from unfertilized egg cell.
(ii) Cell division does not occur in CONICAL cells of ovule and in ANTI polar cells.
Discussion
17935.

Question :Discuss with your teacher about : Some haploid cells in higher plants where cell-division does not occur

Answer»

Solution :MALE and female gametes are HAPLOID CELLS in HIGHER PLANTS where cell division does not occur.
Discussion
17936.

Question :Discuss with your teacher about : Haploid insects and lower plants where cell-division occurs, and

Answer»

Solution : In some lower PLANTS and in some social INSECTS haploid CELLS divide by mitosis. It is very essential to understand the significance of this DIVISION in the LIFE of an organism.
Discussion
17937.

Question : Discuss various level of organisation in animal kingdom.

Answer»

Solution :All members of Animalia are multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes.
But all of them do not exhibit the same pattern of organisation of cells.
The cells in their body are of several types.
These are organised into several functional units of progressively increasing complexity.
The animal body shows four basis levels of structural organisation i.e. given below:
(1) Cellular Level:
In this level, the body shows some division of labour among cells.
It is found in sponges.
The body consists of many cells arranged as loose cell aggregates but the cells do not form tissue.
Tissue Level Organization :
In coelenterates the arrangement of cells is more complex.
The cells performing the same function are arranged into tissues, hence is called tissue level of organisation.
Organ Level:
In PLATYHELMINTHES and other higher phyla tissues are grouped together to form organs, each specialised for a particular function. i.e. organ level organisation is present.
(4) Organ System Level:
In ANIMALS like annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and chordates, organs have ASSOCIATED to form functional systems, each system concerned with a specific physiological function.
This pattern is called organ system level of organisation.
Organ systems in different groups of animals exhibit various patterns of complexities.
For example, the digestive system in Platyhelminthes has only a single opening to the outside of the body that serves as both MOUTH and anus and is hence called incomplete.
A complete digestive system has two openings, mouth and anus.
Similarly, the circulatory system may be of two types :
(i) Open type : In which the blood is pumped out of the heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it
(ii) Closed type : In which the blood is circulated through a series of vessels of varying DIAMETERS (arteries, veins and capillaries).
Discussion
17938.

Question : Discuss the various techniques adopted in cattle breeding.

Answer»

Solution :There are two methods of animal breeding, namely inbreeding and outbreeding.
1. Inbreeding: Breeding between animals of the same breed for 4-6 generations is CALLED inbreeding.
2. Outbreeding: The breeding between unrelated animals is called outbreeding. It is done in three ways,
i. Out crossing: It is the breeding between unrelated animals of the same breed but having no COMMON ancestry. The offspring of such a cross is called outcross.
ii. Cross breeding: Breeding between a superior MALE of one breed with a superior female of another breed. The cross bred progeny has superior traits (hybrid vigour or HETEROSIS).
iii. Interspecific hybridization: In this method of breeding mating is between male and female of two DIFFERENT species.
Discussion
17939.

Question : What are semiessential amino acids?

Answer»
Discussion
17940.

Question : Discussthe statement 'Flower is a modified shoot '.

Answer»

Solution :Few evidences which prove that .flower is a modified shoot. are:
(i) A flower appears from a bud.
(ii) In rose, TIP of flower can elongate to form another flower or vegetative shoot.
(iii) In Nymphaea (water LILY), transitional stages between sepals and petals and also in petals and stamens can be observed.

(iv) In Degenearia, carpels donot bear style and stigma. Carpel is respresentedby FOLDED leaves.
(v) Sepals look like vegetative leaves in rose .
(vi) Presence of androphore in Passiflora and gynophore in Capparis and both androphore and gynophore Gynandropsis INDICATES its vegetative shoot like character .

A, Androphore of Passiflora, B,Gynophore of Capparis , C, Both androphore and gynophore in Gynandropsis.
Discussion
17941.

Question : Discuss the role of hepato-pancreatic complex in digestion of carbohydrate, protein and fat components of food.

Answer»

Solution :Cystic duct (GALL bladder and Liver), pancreatic duct (PANCREAS) secrete bile juice and pancreatic juice through common hepatic - pancreatic duct in duodenum. It is guarded by sphincter called the sphincter of oddi.
Pancreatic juice possesses inactive enzyme like Trypsinogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN, procarboxy peptidase and amylase, lipase and nuclease.
The SECRETION of pancreas shows following processes in digestion of protein, carbohydrates and fats.
(i) Carbohydrates of chyme get converted into disachheride by hydrolysis through pancreatic amylase.
Polysachharide (starch) `overset"Pancratic juice amylase"to` Disaccharide .
(ii) With the help of bile juice, fat is converted into di and monosaccharide by lipase.
Triglycerides `overset"Bile juice"to` Emulsified triglyccride `overset"Lipase"to` Diglycerides, Monoglycerides.
(iii) PROTEINS of chyme is digested in intestine by proteolytic enzymes present in pancreatic juice.
Proteins, peptones and Proteoses `underset"Carboxypeptidase"overset"Trypsin, Chymotrypsin"to` Dipeptides
Discussion
17942.

Question : Discuss the role of Ca^(2+) ions in muscle contraction . Draw neat sketches to illustrate your answer .

Answer»

Solution :CALCIUM plays MAIN regulatory role in muscle contraction .It LINKS with troponin and changes its position and shape . It results in change of location and shape of tropomyosin .It opens functional site on F - actin molecule . Myosin cross bridge unites at this active site .
Entire process can be explained with the help of following diagrams .

Role of `Ca^(2+)` ions is in contraction and RELAXATION .Each head of myosin region have ENZYME myosit ATPase . It converts Atp into ADP + Pi in the presence of `Ca^(2+) and Mg^(2+)` ions .Energy obtained links myosin cross bridge with actin .
Discussion
17943.

Question : Discuss the pathways by which water moves into root.

Answer»

SOLUTION :APOPLAST PATHWAY, SYMPLAST pathway and TRANSMEMBRANE pathway.
Discussion
17944.

Question : Discuss the events occuring in S phase of interphase

Answer»
Discussion
17945.

Question : Discuss the modifications of mitosis and meiosis.

Answer»


ANSWER :NA
Discussion
17946.

Question : Discuss the microscopic structure of skeletal muscle tissue.

Answer»

Solution :Each organised skeletal muscle in our body is made of number of muscles bundles or fascircles HELD together by a common COLLAGENOUS connective tissue layer called fascia. Each muscle bundle contains a number of muscle fibres.

Diagrammatic cross sectional view of a muscle showing muscle bundles and muscle fibres
Each muscle fibre is a lined by the plasma membrance called sarcollema enclosing sarcoplasm.
Muscle fibres is syncitium as the sarcoplasm contains many nuclei.
The endoplasmic reticulum of the muscle fibres (sarcoplasmic reticulum) is the store house of calcium ions.
A characteristics feature of the muscle fibre is the PRESENCE of a large number of PARALLELLY arranged filaments in the sarcoplasm calle myofilaments or myofibrils.
Each myofibril has alternate dark and light bands on it. It is due to the distribution pattern of the two important proteins - Actin and Myosin.
The light bands contain actin is called I-band (Isotropic band).
dark band called .A. (Anisotropic band contains myosin protein).
Both the proteins are arranged as rod-like structures, parallel to each other and to the longitudinal axis of the myofibrils.
Actin filaments are thinner as compared to the myosin filaments.
In the centre of each .I. band is an elastic fibre called .Z. LINE which bisects it. The thin filaments are firmly attached tothe .Z. line.
The thick filaments in the .A. band are also held together in the middle of this band by a thin fibrous membrane called .M. line.
The .A. and .I. bands are arranged alternately throughout the length of the myofibrils.
The portion of the myofibril between two successive .Z. lines is considered as the functional unit of contraction and is called a sarcomere.
In a resting state, the edges of thin filaments on either side of the thick filaments partially overlap the free ends of the thick filaments leaving the central part of the thick filaments. This central part of thick filament, not overlapped by thin filaments is called .H. zone.
Discussion
17947.

Question : Discuss the main steps in the digestion of proteins as the food passes through different parts of the alimentary canal.

Answer»

Solution :Digestion of protein in stomach :
Pepsinogen `OVERSET"HCl"to` pepsin `to` protein `to` peptones and PROTEOSES.
Digestion of protein in duodenum :
TRYPSINOGEN `overset"Enterokinase"to` Trypsin ACTIVE
Chymotrypsinogen `overset"Trypsin"to` Active Chymotrypsin
Procarboxypeptidase `underset"Trypsin"overset"In PRESENCE of"to` carboxypeptidase active
Peptones and proteoses`underset"carboxypeptidase"overset"Trypsin, chymotrypsin"to` Dipeptide
Digestion of protein in Intestine (Ileum):
Dipeptide `overset"Dipeptidase"to` Amino acid .
Discussion
17948.

Question : Disccus the genic balance mechanism of sex determination in Drosophila ?

Answer»

Solution :Genic balance mechanisms of SEX determination in Drosophila was first studied by C. B. Bridges.
(ii) In Drosophila, the presence of Y chromosome is essential for the fertility of male sex, but does not determine the male sex.
(iii) The gene for femaleness is located on the X chromosome and those for maleness are located on the automomes.
(iv) When geneticist C. B. Bridges, working with Drosophila, crossed a triploid (3n) female with a normal male, he observed many combinations of autosomes and sex chromosomes in the offspring.
(v) He suggested that sex in Drosophila is determined by the balance between the genes for femaleness located on the 'X' chromosomes and those for maleness located on the 'autosomes'. Hence the sex of an individual is determined by the RATIO of its X chromosome to that of its autosome sets. This ratio is termed sex index and is expressed as:
`"Sex index"="Number if X Chromosomes"/"Number of Sets of Autosomes"(X/A)`
(vi) Change in this ratio leads to a CHANGED sex phenotype. The results obtained from a cross between triploid female Drosophila (3A:3X) with a diploid male (2A:XY) is shown in below.
(vii) Bridges classical cross of a triploid (3A+XXX) female fly and a diploid (2A+XY) male fly

A sex-switch gene in Drosophila directs female development. This gene, sex-lethal (SxL) located on the X chromosome, has two states of activity. When it is 'on' it directs female development and when it is 'off' maleness ensures. Other genes located on the X chromosome and autosomes regulate this sex-switch gene. However,the Y-chromosome of Drosophila is REQUIRED for male fertility.
Discussion
17949.

Question : Discuss the factors affecting enzyme activities.

Answer»

Solution :The activity of an enzyme can be affected by a change in the conditions which can alter the tertiary structure of the protein.
These include TEMPERATURE, pH, change in substrate concentration or binding of specific chemicals that regulate its activity.
(1) Temperature and pH : Each enzyme shows its highest activity at a particular temperature and pH called the optimum temperature and optimum pH. Activity declines both below and above the optimum value.
Low temperature preserves the enzyme in a temporarily inactive state whereas high temperature destroys enzymatic activity because proteins are denatured by heat.

Effect of change in: (a) pH (b) Temperature and (c) concentration of substrate on enzyme activity (2) Concentration of substrate : With the increase in the substrate concentration, the velocity of the enzymatic reaction rises at FIRST. The reaction ultimately reaches a maximum velocity (`V_("max")`) which is not exceeded by any further RISE in the concentration of the substrate. This is because the enzyme molecules are fewer than the substrate molecules and after saturation of these molecules, there are no free enzyme molecules to bind with the additional substrate molecules.
- The activity of an enzyme is also sensitive to the presence of specific chemicals that bind to the enzyme.
- When the binding of the chemical shuts off enzyme activity, the process is called inhibition and the chemical is called an inhibitor.
- When the inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its MOLECULAR structure and INHIBITS the activity of the enzyme, it is known as competitive inhibitor.
- Due to its close structural similarity with the substrate, the inhibitor competes with the substrate for substrate-binding site of the enzyme.
Due to this the substrate cannot bind and as a result, the enzyme action declines, e.g., inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by the malonate which closely resembles the succinate structure.
- Such competitive inhibitors are often used in the control of bacterial pathogens.
Discussion
17950.

Question : Discuss the difference between red muscle and white muscles.

Answer»

Solution :Muscle contains a red COLOURED `O_(2)` storing pigment CALLED myoglobin. Myoglobin content is high in some of the muscles which gives a reddish appearance. Such muscles are called the red fibres. these ,uscles also contains plenty of mitochondria which can utilise the large amount of OXYGEN stored in them fot ATP production. These muscles, therefore, can also be called aerobic muscles. e.g. flight muscles in Aves.
Some of the muscles posses very less quantity of myoglobin and therefore, appear pale or WHITISH. These are the WHITE fibres. Number of mitochondria are also few in process for energy. e.g. Human eye ball muscles.
Discussion