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18401.

Question : Define 'zero population growth rate'. Draw an age pyramid for the same.

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SOLUTION :When the population size remains STABLE, NEITHER growing nor diminishing, it is called ZERO population growth. In such case, number of pre-reproductive and reproductive INDIVIDUALS is almost equal. Post-reproductive individuals are comparatively fewer.
Age pyramid: Bell-shaped.
Discussion
18402.

Question : Define Gross primary productivity.

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Solution :GROSS primary productivity of an ECOSYSTEM is the rate of production of organic matter during photosynthesis.
Discussion
18403.

Question : Define zero population growth

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SOLUTION : ZERO population growth MEANS that rate of birth is equal to the rate of death, hence, there is no increase in population.
Discussion
18404.

Question : Define Vivipary.

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SOLUTION :Vivipary is a condition in which ANIMALS give rise to live YOUNG ones after being nourished in the uterus THOUGH the placenta. E.g. human.
Discussion
18405.

Question : Define Grey carbon and Black carbon

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Solution :GREY carbon - carbon stored in FOSSIL fuel (coal, oil and biogas deposits in the lithosphere).
Black carbon - carbon emitted from gas, diesel ENGINE and coal fired power PLANTS.
Discussion
18406.

Question : Define vaccination

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Solution :Vaccination is the process of administrating a vaccine into the body or the ACT of INTRODUCING a vaccine into the body to PRODUCE immunity to a SPECIFIC disease.
Discussion
18407.

Question : Define grafting. What are stock and scion?

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Solution :Grafting is performed between two PLANTS of CLOSELY RELATED varieties. The plant of which the root system is to be taken is called STOCK and other of which shoot system is to be used in called as scion
Discussion
18408.

Question : Define Tubectomy and Vascetomy.

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Solution :Tubectomy is the surgical sterilisation in WOMEN. In this procedure, a small PORTION of both FALLOPIAN tubes are cut and TIED up through a small incision in the abdomen or through vagina. This prevents fertilization as well as the entry of the egg into the uterus.
Discussion
18409.

Question : Suggest few ways to overcome global warming.

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Solution :The increase in MEAN global temperature DUE to increased concentration of green HOUSE GASES is called global warming.
Discussion
18410.

Question : Define 'genomics '. Give any 'two' applications of it.

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Solution :The term GENOME REFERS to all the genes present in cell or virus. Applications of Genomics :
(a) Provide researcher with POTENTIAL to learn more about molecular biology of gene.
(b) Gene structure and function.
(C) Gene expression control.
(d) Gene EVOLUTION and mutation.
Discussion
18411.

Question : Define trihybrid cross. Mention its F_2 phenotypic ratio.

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Solution :A cross between homozygous parents that differ in THREE gene pairs (i.e PRODUCING trihybrids ) is CALLED trihybrid cross.
`F_2` Phenotypic ratio `-27 : 9 : 9 : 9 : 3 : 3 : 3 :1`
Discussion
18412.

Question :Define Transgenesis.

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Solution :TRANSGENESIS is the process of introduction of foreign DNA (exogenous DNA) into the genomeof the other ORGANISM to creatc and maintain stable HERITABLE CHARACTERS.
Discussion
18413.

Question : Define translation unit.

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Solution :A translation unit in MRNA is the SEQUENCE of RNA that is flanked by the start CODON on 5 end and stop codon on 3. end and codes of polypeptide.
Discussion
18414.

Question : Define Genetics.

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Solution :Functional Units of inheritance: The basic unit of HEREDITY (BIOLOGICAL information) which TRANSMITS biochemical, anatomical and behavioural TRAITS from parents to off springs.
Discussion
18415.

Question : Define transformation in Griffith's experiment. Discuss how it helps in the identification of DNA as the genetic material.

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Solution :In 1928, Frederick Griffith, in a series of experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacterium responsible for pneumonia), WITNESSED a miraculous transformation, in the bacteria. During the course of his experiment, a living organism (bacteria) had changed in physical form.
When Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) bacteria are grown on a culture PLATE, some produce smooth shiny colonies (S) while others produce rough colonies (R).
This is because the S strain bacteria have a mucous (polysaccharide) coat, while R strain does not. Mice infected with the S strain (virulent) die from pneumonia infection but mice infected with the R strain do not develop pneumonia.
S strain INJECT into mice `rarr` Mice die R strain `rarr`Inject into mice `rarr` Mice LIVE
Griffith was able to kill bacteria by heating them. He observed that heat- killed S strain bacteria injected into mice did not kill them.
S strain (heat killed) `rarr`Inject into mice `rarr`Mice live `rarr`When he injected a mixture of heat-killed S and live R bacteria, the mice died. Moreover, he recovered living S bacteria from the dead mice. `rarr` S strain (heat killed ) + `rarr` Inject into mice `rarr` Mice die R strain (live) `rarr` He concluded that the R strain bacteria had somehow been transformed by the heat-killed S strain bacteria. Some .transforming principle., transferred from the heat-killed S strain, had enabled the R strain to synthesise a smooth polysaccharide coat and become virulent. This must be due to the transfer of the genetic material. However, the BIOCHEMICAL nature of genetic material was not defined from his experiments.
Discussion
18416.

Question : Define genetic equilibrium.

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Solution :Allele frequencies in a POPULATION are STABLE and is constant from generation to generation i.e, the GENE pool REMAINS a constant.
Discussion
18417.

Question : Define transcription and translation.

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Solution :TRANSCRIPTION is the process of formation of RNA from DNA. Translation is the process of polymerisation of amino acids to form polypeptide as DICTATED by MRNA.
Discussion
18418.

Question : Define transcription.

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Solution :It is the process of copying GENETIC INFORMATION from ONE STRAND of the DNA in to RNA.
Discussion
18419.

Question : Define transcription and name the enzyme involved in this process.

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Solution :The process of COPYING GENETIC information from one strand of DNA into RNA is termed nscription. This process takes place in PRESENCE of DNA DEPENDENT RNA polymerase.
Discussion
18420.

Question : Define genetic drift.

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SOLUTION :The change in gene frequency in a SMALL population by CHANCE.
Discussion
18421.

Question : What is meant by Totipotency?

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Solution :The GENETIC ability of a PLANT cell to produce to entire plant under SUITABLE CONDITIONS is said to be TOTIPOTENCY.
Discussion
18422.

Question : What is a genetic code?

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SOLUTION :The order of BASE pairs along DNA molecule controls the kind and order of amino ACIDS found in the proteins of an organism. This SPECIFIC order of base pairs is called GENETIC code.
Discussion
18423.

Question : Define titipotency. Name two totipotent cells.

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Solution :The CAPACITY of generating a WHOLE PLANT from any cell or explant is CALLED as TOTIPOTENCY.
Discussion
18424.

Question : Define gene pool.

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Solution :Total genes and their ALLELES in a population is CALLED GENE POOL.
Discussion
18425.

Question : Define tissue culture.

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Solution :GROWING plant protoplasts, CELLS, tissues or organs away from their NATURAL or NORMAL ENVIRONMENT, under artifical condition, is known as Tissue Culture.
Discussion
18426.

Question : Define gene interaction.

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Solution :A single phenotype is CONTROLLED by more than one set of GENES, each of which has TWO or more alleles . This phenomenon is called GENE Interaction.
Discussion
18427.

Question : Define the following terms (i) Emasculation (ii) Alleles (iii) Phenotype

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Solution :EMASCULATION : Removal of anthers from the flower
Alleles : ALTERNATE forms of GENE
Discussion
18428.

Question : Define gene bank.

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Solution :GENE Bank can be defined as BIOREPOSITORY which preserves genetic material or CONSERVES germplasm to be made available for FUTURE USE.
Discussion
18429.

Question : Define the terms (a) Bioventing (b) Bioaugmentation

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SOLUTION :(i) Bioventing is the PROCESS that INCREASES the oxygen or AIR FLOW to accelerate the degradation of environmental pollutants.
(ii) Bioaugmentation is the addition of selected microbes to speed up degradation process.
Discussion
18430.

Question : Define gametogenesis.

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SOLUTION :GAMETOGENESIS is the process of formation of gametes i.e., SPERMS and ovary from the primary sex organs in all sexually REPRODUCING organisms. Meiosis plays the most SIGNIFICANT role in the process of gametogenesis.
Discussion
18431.

Question : Define the terms (i) Bioprospecting (ii) Endemism

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Solution :(i) Bioprospecting : Exploring molecular, genetic and species – level diversity for PRODUCTS of economic IMPORTANCE.
(ii) ENDEMISM : Species confined to that region & which is not FOUND anywhere else.
Discussion
18432.

Question : Differentiate between gametogenesis from embryogenesis.

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Solution :Gametogenesis is the PROCESS of formation of gametes i.e., SPERMS and ovary from the primary sex ORGANS in all sexually reproducing organisms. Meiosis PLAYS the most SIGNIFICANT role in the process of gametogenesis.
Discussion
18433.

Question : Define fossilization and mention its types

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SOLUTION :FOSSILIZATION is the process by which plant and animal remains are preserved in sedimentary ROCKS. It is of THREE MAJOR types. (a) Actual remains (b) Petrifaction (c) Natural moulds and casts
Discussion
18434.

Question : Define the terms cistron, recon, and muton.

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SOLUTION :Cistron - smallest unit of DNA that codes for onc POLYPEPTIDE chain
Recon - smallest unit of DNA CAPABLE of RECOMBINATION
MUTON - small unit of DNA capable of mutation.
Discussion
18435.

Question : What is the significance of food web?

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Solution :The inter-locking PATTERN of a number of FOOD chain form a web like arrangement called food web. It is the basic UNIT of an ecosystem, to maintain its STABILITY in nature.
Discussion
18436.

Question : Which one is in descending order of a food chain ?

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Solution :The movement of energy from producers upto TOP carnivores is known as FOOD CHAIN, i.e., in any food chain, energy flows from producers to PRIMARY consumers, then from primary consumers to SECONDARY consumers, and finally secondary consumers to tertiary consumers. Hence, it shows linear network links.
Discussion
18437.

Question : Define the terms (a) Totipotency (b) Unipotency

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Solution :Totipotency is the ability of a SINGLE cell to divide and produce al of the DIFFERENTIATED cells in an organism.
UNIPOTENCY refers to the ability of the stem cells to DIFFERENTIATE into only ONE cell type.
Discussion
18438.

Question : Define food web ?

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Solution :MANY organisms occupy POSITIONS in DIFFERENT food chains and several food chains become inter connected to FORM a food WEB/The natural interconnection of food chains is called food web.
Discussion
18439.

Question : Define the terms (a) locus (b) centimorgan.

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Solution :(a) LOCUS : A specific location of genes on a chromosome.
(b) Centimorgan : UNIT of DISTANCE in a genetic map.
Discussion
18440.

Question : Define fertilisation in angiosperms.

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SOLUTION : It is the FUSION of one male gamete with egg CELL and the SECOND gamete with the polar nuclei in angiosperm.
Discussion
18441.

Question : Define the terms (a) Insemination (b) Fertilization.

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Solution :(a) Insemination: TRANSFER of sperms by the MALE into the female genital TRACT.
(b) FERTILIZATION: Fusion of male and female gametes to form zygote, called fertilization.
Discussion
18442.

Question : Define fission.

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Solution :FISSION is the DIVISION of the parent body into TWO or more IDENTICAL daughter individuals.
Discussion
18443.

Question : Define the term'allele'

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Solution :Allele INDICATES alternative FORMS of the same GENE
Discussion
18444.

Question : Definefermentation .

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Solution :FERMENTATION refers tothe metabolic process in which organic MOLECULES (NORMALLY glucose) are converted into acids , GASES , or alcohol in the absence of oxygen or any electron transport chain.
Discussion
18445.

Question : Define the term vector with reference to genetic engineering.

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SOLUTION : The structure used to TRANSFER the piece of DNA ATTACHED to it into a HOST cell.
Discussion
18446.

Question : Define external fertilisation. Mention its disadvantages.

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Solution :In most aquatic organisms such as lagae, fish and AMPHIBIANS, syngamy occurs outside the body of an ORGANISM in the external medium (water). This type of gametic FUSION is called external fertilisation.
Disadvantage : MANY of the offspring are not protected from predators.
Their survival is threatedned up to adulthood.
Discussion
18447.

Question : Define the term .stress. for plants. Discuss briefly the two types of stress encountered by plants.

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Solution :Any unfavourable condition for the plant growth and development is CALLED stress. For example, DROUGHT, salinity, cold, pest and DISEASES are different type of STRESSES.
Discussion
18448.

Question : Define external fertilization. Mention its disadvantages

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Solution :In most AQUATIC ORGANISMS such as MAJORITY algae, fishes and am-phibians, SYNGAMY occurs in the external medium i.e., outside the body of the organism. This type of gametic FUSION is called external fertilisation. A major disadvantage is that the offspring are extremely vulnerable to predators threatening their survival.
Discussion
18449.

Question : Define the term "productivity".

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Solution :The RATE of biomass PRODUCTION is CALLED productivity.
Discussion
18450.

Question : Define external fertilization. Mention its disadvantages.

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Solution :Fertilization in external medium like water is known as external fertilization. Disadvantages
A large NUMBER of eggs and SPERMS should be produced.
Chances of fertilization are comparatively less.
Limited number of OFFSPRINGS ATTAINS adulthood because most of them are vulnerable to predators.
Discussion