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cornea is the white part of the eye

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Thewhite partof theeyeis a tough outer layer called the sclera. The sclera protects the inside of theeyeand helps theeyekeep its structure. The coloredpartof theeyeis called the iris. Thisportionof theeyeis what controls the amount of light that is let into the innereye.

Light is focused primarily by thecornea— the clear front surface of the eye, which acts like a camera lens.

Theirisof the eye functions like the diaphragm of a camera, controlling the amount of light reaching the back of the eye by automatically adjusting the size of the pupil (aperture).

The eye's crystalline lens is located directly behind the pupil and further focuses light. Through a process called accommodation, this lens helps the eye automatically focus on near and approaching objects, like an autofocus camera lens.

Light focused by the cornea and crystalline lens (and limited by the iris and pupil) then reaches theretina— the light-sensitive inner lining of the back of the eye. The retina acts like an electronic image sensor of a digital camera, converting optical images into electronic signals. The optic nerve then transmits these signals to the visual cortex — the part of the brain that controls our sense of sight.

The chemicals that are non biodegradable enter in the food chain through first tropic level and gets concentrated to each tropic level. This is termed as biological magnification or biomagnification.

a)Translocationisthemovement of materials inplantsfromtheleaves to other parts ofthe plant. Nutrients, mainly sugars, are created intheleaves during photosynthesis. These are then transported throughoutthe plantthrough phloem, which arealong series of connected cells.

b)Plants producecarbohydrates(sugars) in their leaves by photosynthesis, but nonphotosynthetic parts of the plant also require carbohydrates and otherorganicand nonorganic materials. For this reason, nutrients are translocated from sources (regions of excess carbohydrates, primarily mature leaves) to sinks (regions where the carbohydrate is needed). Some important sinks are roots, flowers, fruits, stems, and developing leaves. Leaves are particularly interesting in this regard because they are sinks when they are young and become sources later, when they are about half grown.

Transport of soluble product of photosynthesis or food from leaves to other parts of plants is called translocation. For translocation, food molecules enter the part of the phloem called the sieve tubes where they can be transported upwards or downwards to all the parts of the plant including roots. Translocation is achieved by utilising energy from the ATP that provides osmotic pressure required for upward and downward movement of food.

In the elongation cycle oftranslation,translocationis the process that advances the mRNA–tRNA moiety on the ribosome, to allow the next codon to move into the decoding center

27)Collenchymacells are elongated cells with irregularly thick cell wallsthat providesupport and structure. Their thick cell walls are composed ofthecompounds cellulose and pectin. These cells are often found undertheepidermis, ortheouter layer of cells in young stems and in leaf veins.

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option a is the correct answer.

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome. Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure. They differ only in the nucleotide sequence within that identical overall structure.

This variability among the organismsoccurs through the ability of DNA to undergo genetic rearrangements resulting in a little change in gene combination. Rearrangement of DNA occurs through genetic recombination

TYPES

Many kinds of recombination occur in microorganisms.

These are classified basically into the following three groups:

(i) General recombination,

(ii) Non-reciprocail recombination, and

(iii) Site specific recombination.

(i) General Recombination

General recombination occurs only between the complementary strands of two homologous DNA molecules. Smith (1989) reviewed the homologous recombination in prokaryotes. General recombination in E. coli is guided by base pairing interactions between the complementary strands of two homologous DNA molecules.

Double helix of two DNA molecules breaks and the two broken ends join to their opposite partners to reunite to form double helix. The site of exchange can occur anywhere in the homologous nucleotide sequence where a strand of one DNA molecule becomes base paired to the second strand to yield heteroduplex just between two double helices

(ii) Non-reciprocal Recombination (Gene Conversion):

The fundamental law of genetics is that the two partners contribute the equal amount of genes to the offsprings. It means that the offsprings inherit the half complete set of genes from the male and half from the female. One diploid cell undergoes meiosis producing four haploid cells; therefore, the number of genes contributed by male gets halved and so the genes of female.

In higher animals like man it is not possible to analyse these genes taking a single cell. However, in certain organisms such as fungi it is possible to recover and analyse all the four daughter cells produced from a single cell through meiosis

(iii) Site-Specific Recombination:

Site specific recombination alters the relative position of nucleotide sequences in chromosome. The base pairing reaction depends on protein mediated recognition of the two DNA sequences that will combine. Very long homologous sequence is not required.

Unlike general recombination, site specific recombination is guided by a recombination enzyme that recognises specific nucleotide sequences present on one of both recombining DNA molecules. Base pairing is not involved, however, if occurs the heteroduplex joint is only a few base pair long.

Prokaryotes introduce variationsthrough mutations. Mutations are generated inprokaryoticgenome and it gets transferred to the daughter cells when cells divide by binary fission.

There are a number of products that are obtained due to the process of biotechnology which we utilize in our everyday lives.

Some of the common ones include alcoholic beer and wine, biodiesel, detergents, sugar, biodegradable plastic and fabrics.

All your personal care, hygiene, cosmetics and processed foods are made via biotechnology.

The heat and power as well as the artificial intelligence devices that we cannot survive without are also possible because of biotechnology.

3) Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways that makes breathing difficult. With asthma, there is inflammation of the air passages that results in a temporary narrowing of the airways that carry oxygen to the lungs. This results in asthma symptoms, including coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness4)There are two main types of medications used to treat asthma:a) Long-term control medications such as inhaled corticosteroids are the most important medications used to keep asthma under control. ...b) Quick-relief inhalers contain a fast-acting medication such as albuterol (Proventil HFA, Ventolin HFA).

vitamin a and because

it passes from desalination

call Wall is one tissue

4 types of tissues are there epithal tissue,connective tissue, nervous tissue, muscular tissue

4 types of tissueare present in human body

4 type of tissue of tissue present in human bodyi.epithalii.connectiveii.nervous

There are 4 types of tissue

Tissues are groups of similar cells that perform a common function. There are four categories of tissues in the human body: epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle.

there are 4types of tissue

5s6fgturriy has been a part 7AM

4 types of tissues are known now.Epithelial tissue,nervous tissue,muscular tissue,connective tissue.

There are 4 types of tissues

1. Epithelium Tissue2. Connective Tissue3. Nervous Tissue4. Muscular Tissue

In humans, there are four basictypes of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervoustissue. There may be various sub-tissueswithin each of the primarytissues. Epithelialtissuecovers the body surface andformsthe lining for most internal cavities.

Agarose gel electrophoresisis a method ofgel electrophoresisused inbiochemistry,molecular biology,genetics, andclinical chemistryto separate a mixed population of macromolecules such as DNA or proteins in a matrix ofagarose, one of the two main components ofagar

Mechanism of migration and separation. The negative charge of its phosphate backbone moves the DNA towards the positively charged anode during electrophoresis. However, the migration of DNA molecules insolution, in the absence of a gel matrix, is independent of molecular weight during electrophoresis

Uses : a. The purified DNA fragments obtained by gel electrophoresis.b. They are used in DNA fingerprinting.

Ans :- Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development and evolution.

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Weight = Mass × Acceleration

Acceleration due to gravity on the earth's surface :

Weight = mg

49N = 5 × g

5g = 49

g = 9.8 m/s²

Acceleration on the moon :

1/6 × 9.8 = 1.6333 m/s²

The weight on the moon:

5 × 1.6333 = 8.1665N

Answer : 8.1665 N

the container ship interaction between living or nonliving organism is called ecosystem

1. Living organismsseem to interact amongst themselves and with the physical environment. This, in short, can be called an ecosystem.There are two main components of anecosystemwhich are in constant communication with each other. They are thebiotic components and the abiotic components.

2. There are mainly four types of consumers in ecology and they are classified according to their position in the food chain - herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and decomposers.

Herbivores are the ones who only eat green plants, vegetables and other type of vegetation like cows, giraffes, elephants.

Carnivores are the ones who eat meat and flesh like lions, tigers, vultures, etc.

Omnivores are the ones who eat both plants and meat like bears, humans, etc.

Decomposers are those organisms which feed on dead plants and animals like fungi and bacteria.

2.

3. The birds on tree can feed upon the fishes present in the lake..and can survive and get shelter for themselves on the tree.

4. A food web consists of many food chains.

A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food.eg: A hawk eats a snake, which has eaten a frog, which has eaten a grasshopper, which has eaten grass.

A food web shows the many different paths plants and animals are connected.eg: A hawk might also eat a mouse, a squirrel, a frog or some other animal. The snake may eat a beetle, a caterpillar, or some other animal. And so on for all the other animals in the food chain.

A food web is several food chains connected together.

Hershey and Chaseconcluded that DNA, not protein, was the genetic material. They determined that a protective protein coat was formed around the bacteriophage, but that the internal DNA is what conferred its ability to produce progeny inside a bacterium.

Swidden agriculture, also known as shifting cultivation, refers to a technique of rotational farming in which land is cleared for cultivation (normally by fire) and then left to regenerate after a few years. Governments worldwide have long sought to eradicate swidden agriculture, which is often pejoratively called ‘slash-and-burn’, due to a mistaken belief that it is a driver of deforestation.

lungs are protectedby your rib cage, which is made up of 12 sets of ribs.

The lungs are protected by a two layered sac called pleura. It allows friction less movement.

Thereservefood material inplants and animalsare generally stored in the form of starch and glycogen respectively. EXPLANATION: Inplants, the starch materials are mainly found in rhizomes, tubers, seeds, fruits like in rice, wheat, potato etc. Inanimals, glycogen is mainly stored in the muscles and liver.

In plants, the starch materials are mainly found in rhizomes, tubers, seeds, fruits like in rice, wheat, potato etc. In animals, glycogen is mainly stored in the muscles and liver.

Reserve food materials are generally in the form of carbohydrates, nitrogenous matters, and fats and oils.

The carbohydrates basically composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen are present in the form as simple sugars to complex polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are further classified into starch, glycogen, and inulin.

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However, due to its insoluble nature starch must be digested, i.e., made soluble, before it can be used. Starch is thereserved foodinplant cell. Explanation: The process of storing offoodin ordered to use it during undesirable condition is called asreserved food.

The reserve food material in plants and animals are generally stored in the form of starch and glycogen respectively.

EXPLANATION:

In plants, the starch materials are mainly found in rhizomes, tubers, seeds, fruits like in rice, wheat, potato etc. In animals, glycogen is mainly stored in the muscles and liver.

Reserve food materials are generally in the form of carbohydrates, nitrogenous matters, and fats and oils.

The carbohydrates basically composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen are present in the form as simple sugars to complex polysaccharides. Polysaccharides are further classified into starch, glycogen, and inulin.

Both starch and glycogen are composed of complex water-insoluble sugar or carbohydrate with the chemical formula of

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Store food in plants is sucros orstarch. Store food in animals is Energy.Glycogenis stored in the cells of animals.Glycogenis the storehouse of energy in case of animals.It is a multibranched polysaccharide ofglucosethat serves as a form of energy storage in humans, animals, and fungi.

There are four different types of teeth in the mouth. Their functions have been briefly described below.

1.Incisorsare present at the front of the mouth with a sharp biting surface. They are used for cutting food into small chewable pieces.

2.Caninesare situated at the ‘corners’ of the dental arches. They have a sharp, pointed biting surface. Their function is to grip and tear food.

3.Premolarsdo not have a sharp biting surface like the incisors and canines. They instead have a flat biting surface having the function to tear and crush food.

4.Molarsare the largest among all types. They have a large and flat biting surface. Their function is to chew, crush and grind food.

living organisms are classified into groups based on very basic, shared characteristics. Organisms within each group are then further divided into smaller groups. These smaller groups are based on more detailed similarities within each larger group

living organisms are classified into groups based on very basic, shared characteristics. Organisms within each group are then further divided into smaller groups. These smaller groups are based on more detailed similarities within each larger group

less intake of iodine causes thyroud gland to swell up causes goitre

ii) gigantism(pituitary gland)

iii) testosterone named hormone has started releaseing.

The anterior pituitary gland produces the following hormones and releases them into the bloodstream: adrenocorticotropic hormone, which stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete steroid hormones, principally cortisol. growth hormone, which regulates growth, metabolism and body composition

Ans :- Bovine somatotropinorbovine somatotrophin(abbreviatedbSTandBST), orbovine growth hormone(BGH), is a peptide hormone produced by cows'pituitaryglands. Like other hormones, it is produced in small quantities and is used in regulating metabolic processes.

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Resin ducts are common in the Pinaceae. The comparative anatomy of stems and leaves of 50 species and two varieties from ten genera has been investigated. The structure and distribution of resin ducts differ among genera. Resin ducts occur in foliage leaves of ten genera of Pinaceae. Cortical resin ducts are absent in the stems ofPseudolarixandLarix. Resin ducts only occur in the secondary xylem of stems ofPinus, Picea, Cathaya, Larix, Pseudotsugaand someKeteleeriaspecies. All of the epithelial and sheath cells are alive and thin-walled in the resin ducts of stem cortex and mesophyll.

Immunitymeans the resistance of the body to a disease. It is due to the presence of antibodies in our body against the disease-causing microorganisms known as antigens. When these antigens enter our body, antibodies are formed which prevent the disease.

In biology, immunity is the balanced state of multicellular organisms having adequate biological defenses to fight infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion, while having adequate tolerance to avoid allergy, and autoimmune diseases.

innate immunity is present in our body from birth .for example immmunity in babies. acquired immunity is obtained by our body during lifetime .for example immmunity to diseases due to vaccines

Innate immunity is also natural or native immunity this immunity is by virtue of genetics constitutional makeup It is there in the body without any external stimulation or a previous infectionacquired immunity is the resistance to a disease which an individual acquires during his lifetime

Acongenital disorderis a medicalconditionthat is present at birth.The causes of manycongenital disordersare not known.Acquired diseasesareacquiredduring the lifetime of an individual and are not present from birth. They are usually caused bydiseasecausing agents or due to the lifestyle of an individual.

Micro organisms can be seen with the help of a microscope

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4x=5(36-x)4x=180-5x9x=180x=180/9=20

Clostridium is a denitrifying bacteria.

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