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the mind map cladogram was introduced by Aristotle

aristotle is the wright answer

option a is the correct answer

i)The testes have two functions – to produce sperm and to produce hormones, particularly testosterone. Sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testesii)The function of vas deferens, also called ductus deferens, is to transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts for the production of ejaculation.iii)The prostate gland is a male reproductive organ whose main function is to secrete prostate fluid, one of the components of semen. The muscles of the prostate gland also help propel this seminal fluid into the urethra during ejaculation

uterus is not controlled by autonomous nervous system

B) utrerus should be correct answer

why

because they there work are not that nessecary for survival, as body is desgined like that it have certain glands and feature which are nessecary for survival and should work even body is unconscious to like heart beat, but not in the case of uterus.

b

1.

2.

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Atmosphere of the earth consists of a mixture of many gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour that helps life to exist on the earth. The major component of the atmosphere found on Venus and Mars is carbon dioxide (95-97%) and as such it does not support life.

Ans :- Thereis abasicdifference, becausemass isthe actual amount of material contained in abody andismeasuredinkg, gm, etc. Whereasweight isthe force exerted by the gravity on thatobjectmg. Note thatmass isindependent of everything butweight isdifferent on the earth, moon, etc.

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Vegetative reproduction is the process of formation of new plants from a portion of a vegetative part of the plant. Propagules are the structures which are used to raise new plants.

Some vegetative propagules are:

Runner – Oxalis

Eyes on tuber – Potato

Rhizome – Ginger

Bulbs – Onion, Garlic

There are various ways of carrying out vegetative propagation of plants. Cutting, layering, grafting and budding are some of the traditional methods whereas tissue culture is a recent technology.

Harmful chemical enters in our body by food .since nowadays many types of insecticide and pesticides are used for better yield of crop ,and when we take these foods the harmful chemicals enters in our bodies and causes many types of harmful diseases.

In this time the chemical are enter in our body from food when we take food the harmful chemical enter in our bodies and cause many types of harmful or dangerous disease we eat anything without correct information

Ans :- Harmful chemicalslike pesticidesenter food chainthrough the process of biological magnification. Thosechemicals areabsorbed by plants and other aquatic animals and when theyareconsumed theyenterintofood chain.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes, while smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes.

The ribosomes are what give rough endoplasmic reticulum its characteristic "roughness."

i need 5 points in tabular form

Nuclear envelope is a derivativeof rough endoplasmic reticulum. It is formed during telophase by fusion of vesicles into which thenuclear envelopedevelops, during prophase.

Theendoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type oforganellefound ineukaryotic cellsthat forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known ascisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outernuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum occurs in most types of eukaryotic cells, but is absent fromred blood cellsandspermatozoa. There are two types of ER:rough endoplasmic reticulumandsmooth endoplasmic reticulumThe ER was observed withlight microscopeby Garnier in 1897, who coined the term "ergastoplasm".[2][3]Withelectron microscopy, the lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 byKeith R. Porter,Albert Claude, and Ernest F. Fullam.[4]Later, the word "reticulum", which means "network", was applied by Porter in 1953 to describe this fabric of membranes.[5]

Function~:The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs calledcisternaeand the transport of synthesized proteins invesiclesto theGolgi apparatus. Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by several endoplasmic reticulumchaperoneproteins, includingprotein disulfide isomerase(PDI), ERp29, theHsp70family memberBiP/Grp78,calnexin,calreticulin, and the peptidylpropyl isomerase family. Only properly folded proteins are transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus – unfolded proteins cause anunfolded protein responseas a stress response in the ER. Disturbances inredoxregulation, calcium regulation, glucose deprivation, and viral infection[23]or the over-expression of proteins[24]can lead toendoplasmic reticulum stress response(ER stress), a state in which the folding of proteins slows, leading to an increase inunfolded proteins. This stress is emerging as a potential cause of damage in hypoxia/ischemia, insulin resistance, and other disorders.[25]

Structure~:

1Nucleus2Nuclear pore3Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)4Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)5Ribosomeon the rough ER6Proteinsthat are transported7Transportvesicle8Golgi apparatus9Cis face of the Golgi apparatus10Trans face of the Golgi apparatus11Cisternae of the Golgi apparatus

3D rendering of endoplasmic reticulum

The general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes calledcisternae. These sac-like structures are held together by thecytoskeleton. Thephospholipid membraneencloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with theperinuclear spacebut separate from thecytosol. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum can be summarized as the synthesis and export of proteins and membrane lipids, but varies between ER and cell type and cell function. The quantity of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell can slowly interchange from one type to the other, depending on the changing metabolic activities of the cell. Transformation can include embedding of new proteins in membrane as well as structural changes. Changes in protein content may occur without noticeable structural change

Types~:There are two types of ER:rough endoplasmic reticulumandsmooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Endoplasmic reticulum(ER), in biology, a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened sacs withinthecytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and serves multiplefunctions, being important particularly inthesynthesis, folding, modification, and transport of proteins .

Many microbes are used for preparation of food items.Examples arePropionibacterium SharmaniSaccharomyces cervesiae

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The Adrenal Medulla and Fight or Flight. Other sympathetic neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to release noradrenaline and adrenaline into the bloodstream. The hormones then travel around the body in the blood. They trigger fight or flight reactions after binding to adrenergic receptors on target cells. Acceleration of metabolism.Increase in blood sugar levels.Increase in heart rate as well as vasoconstriction(see the last point)..Activation of RAS system, thus lead to arousal,anxiety and coarse tremors of extremities.Relaxation of the wall of GIT. and contraction of sphincters, so net result is constipation.Piloerection.(goosebumps).Increases blood supply to muscle.Dilation of pupil and relaxation of ciliary muscles.Bronchodilation, increase in rate and force of respiration.Increases RBC count by contraction of spleen.Increases plasma protein concentration by movement of fluid out of circulation.On cardiovascular system: Increase in heart rate, cardiac output,systolic blood pressure. Decrease in peripheral resistance,diastolic blood pressure,mean arterial blood pressure.

Is it Corticoids?

Corticoid hormones balance stress response, energy flow, body temperature, water balance, and other essential processes. Two groups, the glucocorticoids and the mineralocorticoids, chemically control some of the most basic actions necessary to protect, nourish, and maintain the body. The gender-neutral corticoids guide these life-sustaining functions in both males and females.

Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear during puberty in humans, and at sexual maturity in other animals. These are particularly evident in the sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish the sexes of a species, but unlike the sex organs, are not directly part of the reproductive system.Differences in size between sexes are also considered secondary sexual characteristics. In humans, visible secondary sex characteristicsincludepubic hair, enlarged breasts and widened hips of females, and facial hair and Adam's apple on males.

hypotonic solution

Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will take in water across their membranes until both the external solution and the cytosol are isotonic.The solution with the lower solute concentration is called hypotonic solution.

In the nucleus of each cell, the DNA molecule is packaged into thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure.Genes are made of a chemical called DNA, which is short for 'deoxyribonucleic acid'. The first answer is True

2. True as it is more active

true or false

all questions answers true or false

(A) After placing the cell in concentrated salt solution, cell will loose water through osmosis by cell membrane and get shrinked.(B) This process is known as plasmolysis.

These are the sevencharacteristicsoflivingorganisms.

1 Nutrition.Livingthings take in materials from their surroundings that they use for growth or to provide energy. ...2 Respiration. ...3 Movement. ...4 Excretion. ...5 Growth.6 Reproduction. ...7 Sensitivity.

Nutrition.Livingthings take in materials from their surroundings that they use for growth or to provide energy. ...

2 Respiration. ...

3 Movement. ...

4 Excretion. ...

5 Growth.

6 Reproduction. ...

7 Sensitivity.

Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes

Gene regulation in prokaryotes is most extensively observed at the initiation of transcription. Thus, the gene expression during transcription initiation is affected by regulation. The regulation usually takes place in the expression of the RNA polymerase at the promoter site. This affects the accessory proteins which bind to the recognition sites. These accessory proteins can regulate the promoter site in two ways:

Positive regulation by activators

Negative regulation by repressors

In Operons, the operator is situated right next to the promoter where the regulator binds to control its entire functioning.

Lac Operon Model

Regulation in prokaryotescan be explained with the help of Lac Operon model. Here the alteration in physiological and environmental conditions leading to alteration in expression in prokaryotes can be observed. It was observed by Jacob and Monod. The lac operon consists of:

A regulatory genei– It codes for the repressor protein.

zgene – It codes for beta-galactosidase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose.

ygene – It codes for permease which regulates the lactose permeability in the cell.

agene – It codes for transacetylase which assists the enzyme beta-galactosidase.

Hence, all thesegeneshelp in the lactose metabolism. In lac operon, lactose acts as an inducer. If lactose is provided in the medium for the bacteria, the regulatory gene is activated. The inducer will bind to the repressor protein and render it inactive which allows transcription of the operon. Thus, lac operon is negatively regulated in this case.

Shellac, commercial resin marketed in theformof amber flakes, made from the secretions of thelacinsect, a tiny scale insect, Laccifer lacca (seelac).

but it is form of what means contaminated or pure form of lac

?

The main (starter) cultures in yogurt are Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus.

AC Vs DC

*Amount of energy that can be carried:

AC-Safe to transfer over longer city distances and can provide more power.

DC-Voltage of DC cannot travel very far until it begins to lose energy.

*Cause of the direction of flow of electrons

AC-Rotating magnet along the wire.

DC-Steady magnetism along the wire.

*Frequency :

AC-The frequency of alternating current is 50Hz or 60Hz depending upon the country.

DC-The frequency of direct current is zero.

*Direction :

AC-It reverses its direction while flowing in a circuit.

DC-It flows in one direction in the circuit.

*Current :

AC-It is the current of magnitude varying with time

DC-It is the current of constant magnitude.

*Flow of Electrons :

AC-Electrons keep switching directions - forward and backward.

DC-Electrons move steadily in one direction or 'forward'.

*Obtained from :

AC-A.C Generator and mains.

DC-Cell or Battery.

*Passive Parameters :

AC-Impedance.

DC-Resistance only

*Power Factor :

AC-Lies between 0 & 1.

DC-it is always 1.

*Types :

AC-Sinusoidal, Trapezoidal, Triangular, Square.

DC-Pure and pulsating.

I think option b is the answer

A is the correct answer

Importing better varieties and plants from outside and acclimtising them to environmental is called heterosis.

importing better varieties and plants form outside and acclimtising them to environmental is called heterosis.

option a is the correct answer

heterosis is a answer

option a) cloning is correct answer

Option A is the correct answer

cloning is the right answer

heterosis is the correct answer

the correct answer is operation a

option, a cloning is the right answer

Plant introduction is a process of introducing plants (a genotype or a group of genotypes) from their own environment to a new environment.

The process of introduc­tion may involve new varieties of crop or the wild relatives of crop species or totally a new crop species for the area.

so the answer is INTRODUCTION (D)

heterosis

it is ✅✅✅ correct answer

bro

Types of Basmati Rice in India

Basmati 386

Pusa Basmati – 1

Basmati 217

Pusa Basmati 1121

Ranbir Basmati

Punjab Basmati – 1

Karnal Local or Taraori Basmati

Haryana Basmati – 1

Basmati 370

Kasturi and Mahi Sugandha

Type 3 or Dehradooni Basmati

There are four popular varieties of the ASSEL 1. Peela 2. Yakub 3. Nurie 4. Kajal

The purposes of theseobjectives of conservationare to provide a desirable backdrop for the human stage, and also amenity and recreation. We are seeking toconserveliving species with their full range of genetic variation, including useful species whose use to man may be negligible or yet unknown.

Ans :- Adaptive radiation in Australian marsupials is an example of convergent evolution. In this case, the organisms under consideration are not closely related to one another in any way. However, they independently develop similar traits because they have to adapt to similar environments.

Placental mammals inAustraliaalso exhibitadaptive radiationin evolving into varieties of such placental mammals each of which appears to be 'similar' to a correspondingmarsupial. Forexample, placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf.

Darwin has already shown his reader the power of artificial selection and the exquisite variation that exists in nature. In Chapter III he asks how varieties can become full species. Crucial to this is what he calls "the struggle for existence". That may be a conflict for food or a battle against the elements. Part of the evidence for this struggle is the immense potential that animal and plant populations have to increase in size. Even the elephant, one of the slowest breeders in the animal kingdom, could take over the planet if it were allowed to reproduce unhindered for long enough. After 500 years, one pair would leave 15 million descendants, Darwin tells us. Populations are kept in check because there are not enough resources to go around, and that leads to intense competition for survival.

It is a biological process by which an organism reproduces an offspring who is biologically similar to the organism. Reproduction enables and ensures the continuity of species, generation after generation. There are two types of reproduction asexual Reproductionand Sexual Reproduction

the process by which new organisms are formed from pre existing organisms is known as reproduction

Sin 25 = cos(90 - 25)

= cos 65.

Tan 23 = cot(90 - 23)

= cot 67.

Given, sin 25/cos 65 + tan 23/cot67

= cos65/cos65 + cot67/cot67

= 1 + 1

= 2.

Algaeare eukaryotic organisms that have no roots, stems, or leaves but do have chlorophyll and other pigments for carrying out photosynthesis.Algaecan be multicellular or unicellular. The cell of analgahas eukaryotic properties, and some species have flagella with the “9‐plus‐2” pattern of microtubules.Unicellular algaeoccur most frequently in water, especially in plankton.Phytoplanktonis the population of free‐floating microorganisms composed primarily of unicellular algae. In addition, algae may occur in moist soil or on the surface of moist rocks and wood. Algae live with fungi inlichens.

According to the Whittaker scheme, algae are classified in seven divisions, of which five are considered to be in the Protista kingdom and two in the Plantae kingdom. The cell of an alga has eukaryotic properties, and some species have flagella with the “9‐plus‐2” pattern of microtubules. A nucleus is present, and multiple chromosomes are observed in mitosis. The chlorophyll and other pigments occur inchloroplasts, which contain membranes known asthylakoids.

Most algae arephotoautotrophicand carry on photosynthesis. Some forms, however, arechemoheterotrophicand obtain energy from chemical reactions and nutrients from preformed organic matter. Most species are saprobes, and some are parasites.

Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms. Asexual reproduction occurs through the fragmentation of colonial and filamentous algae or by spore formation (as in fungi). Spore formation takes place by mitosis. Binary fission also takes place (as in bacteria).

During sexual reproduction, algae form differentiated sex cells that fuse to produce a diploidzygotewith two sets of chromosomes. The zygote develops into a sexual spore, which germinates when conditions are favorable to reproduce and reform the haploid organism having a single set of chromosomes. This pattern of reproduction is calledalternation of generations.

1. They fertilise eggs internally2.They are cold blooded3.Body covered with scales4.Respiration by lungs.5.12 pairs of cranial nerves6. They are creeping and burrowing types.

General characteristics of the Kingdom Animalia are as follows:

Animals are eukaryotic, multicellular and heterotrophic organisms.

They have multiple cells with mitochondria and they depend on other organisms for food.

Habitat - Most of the animals inhabit seas, fewer are seen in fresh water and even fewer on land.

There are around 9 to 10 million animal species that inhabit the earth. Only 800,000 species are identified.

Biologists recognize 36 phyla in the animals kingdom.

Size - The sizes of animals ranges from a few celled organism like the mesozoans to animals weighing many tons like the blue whale.

Animal bodies - Bodies of animals are made of cells organized into tissues which perform specific functions. in most animals tissue are organized into complex organs, which form organ systems.

Cell structure - The animal cell contains organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi complex, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, vacuoles, centrioles, cytoskeleton.

Animals are made up of many organ systems, that aids in performing specific functions that are necessary for the survival of the organism.

Organ systems are skeletal system, muscular system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory system, reproductive system, immune system and the endocrine system.

species has least number of characters it is the lowest in the taxonomic hierarchy

As one go from lower category to higher category the number of common characters decrease.... So the correct ans is class(b)