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Arabinoxylans, cellulose, chitin, pectin.

It gives β-D galactose and β-D glucose.

2 molecules of Glucose.

It is due to the fact that human beings do not have enzyme cellulase to digest cellulose. 

1. Plant fats are unsaturated fatty acids, whereas animal fats are saturated fatty acids. 

2. Fats having unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature.

3. Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature. Hence, plant fats are liquid at room temperature, while animal fats are solid.

Monoglyceride: It is a lipid with one molecule of glycerol and one molecule of fatty acid. 

Diglyceride: It is a lipid with one molecule of glycerol and two molecules of fatty acids. 

Triglyceride: It is a lipid that has one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids.

The non-protein constituents that are found to the enzyme to make it catalytically active are called as co-factors.

Types of co-factors are

• prosthetic group
• Co-enzymes
• Metal ions.

The enzymes are proteins having high molecular weight. Enzymes are highly specific in their action. Enzymes action can be inhibited by certain chemicals. It is called enzyme inhibition, e.g. noncompetitive inhibition. 

Non-competitive inhibition : Some chemicals act like poison and destroy the enzyme structure. Non-competitive inhibitors do not resemble the substrate in structure. They inhibit the enzyme action by binding to the enzyme at the place other than the active site, e.g. cyanide inhibits the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome oxidase which is necessary for respiration.

Enzymes are classified according to their function and type of reaction in which they are taking part. 

Four main classes of enzymes are : 

(i) Oxidoreductases : These enzymes catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, usually involving the transfer of hydrogen from one molecule to another. 

S reduced + S’ oxidized ------S oxidized + S’ reduced 

(ii) Transferases : These enzymes transfer a chemical group from one substrate to another but never hydrogen e.g. phosphotransferase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another. 

(iii) Hydrolases : These enzymes carry out hydrolysis reactions i.e., breakdown of large molecules by addition of water e.g. lipases breakdown lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. 

(iv) Ligase or synthetase : These enzymes form bonds to join two molecules together, using energy supplied from the breakdown of ATP e.g. DNA ligase is used to repair breaks in DNA molecules.

The carbohydrate is stored in animal body is called glycogen. Glycogen is highly branched whereas starch consist of 2 components amylase which is linear and amylopectin which is branched.

 Casein is the protein found in milk. It is phosphoproteins.

 The protein myoglobin stores oxygen in the muscle cell.

Cytosine, Thymine and Uraciltion of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water.

A hydrogen bond is formed by a dipole-dipole force between an electronegative atom are responsible for the stability of α-helix.

They are held by hydrogen fonds between the nitrogen bases.

Hydorgen bonds between –N‐H and —C=O groups of peptide bonds give stability to the structure.

It is known as 3.6₁₃ helix, since each turn of helix has approximately 3.6 amino acid residue and a 13 member ring is formed by hydrogen bonding.

Three hydrogen bonds exist between Guanine and Cytosine.

(i) Protein synthesis occurs at the ribosome in cytoplasm.  

(ii) The 64 codones for 20 amino acids; more than one codon can code for same amino acids, e.g., CUU and CUU both can code leucine. Proline is encoded by CCU, CCA, CCG, and CCC.