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Right answer is (b) False

To explain: PLASMID is an extra chromosomal circular DNA MOLECULES which are not part of the bacterial genome but carry functions advantageous to the HOST such as produce enzymes which degrade antibiotics or heavy metals and they are used in recombinant DNA as they can REPLICATE INDEPENDENTLY of the host chromosome.

The CORRECT choice is (B) Deep-Tank Fermentation

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: The Deep-Tank BATCH Fermentation in which there is the application of submerged culture technique which was able to produce Penicillin of Approximately 50mg/ml which grew on large scale during World War 2.

The correct option is (d) Precipitation

For EXPLANATION I would say: Potassium ions are added to precipitate salt of Penicillin, so as to get its pure form in the later STAGE and the process involved in this is SALTING out TECHNIQUE which also results in less loss of Penicillin during fermentation process.

Correct choice is (b) Because it is a NARROW spectrum antibiotic

To elaborate: PENICILLIN is the Narrow spectrum antibiotic that only kills the SPECIFIC bacteria or microorganisms and not the normal bacteria or microorganisms present in Human body, in this way human body is UNAFFECTED.

Right option is (b) False

The explanation is: PENICILLIUM chrysogenum and Penicillium notatum both YIELDS Penicillin but P.notatum also yields Notatin, P.notatum which was FIRST DISCOVERED by Fleming but did not produced large amounts of penicillin in contrast to P.chrysogenum.

Right OPTION is (b) Dr. NORMAN George Heatley

Explanation: Dr. Norman George Heatley was able to DEVELOP the technique for efficiently PURIFYING Penicillin in bulk for animal TESTS and by this, he invented the technique back-extraction.

The correct answer is (d) Separation

Easy explanation: Separation is the first STEP in product recovery in DOWNSTREAM processing as it involves the separation of DESIRED cells from the culture MEDIUM and which is MECHANICALLY done by Rotary Drum Filter.

Right answer is (c) Staphylococcus AUREUS

For EXPLANATION: Alexander Fleming was trying to ISOLATE the bacterial STRAINS of Staphylococcus aureus, as to make an antibacterial / antibiotic against it because its INFECTION are severe and is the most antibiotic-resistant strain.

The correct answer is (a) Bovine somatotropin

Explanation: Bovine somatotropin is the peptide hormone PRODUCED by COWS pituitary gland and is used in regulating metabolic PROCESSES and mainly comes under the animal recombinants.

The correct ANSWER is (a) SEMI – Liquid mixture

The best EXPLANATION: The Semi – Liquid mixture also known as “Undigested Slurry “which goes under the fermentation / ANAEROBIC process and later on comes out as byproduct of fermentation process as “Digested Slurry”.

Correct choice is (a) The migration of a process from the lab-scale to the pilot plant-scale

Easy explanation: In scale-up process, product and process development tend to MOVE FORWARD in small steps, this reduces the risk with larger INVESTMENTS in the next STEP and production level improvement.

Correct option is (c) DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

To explain: Downstream processing implies manufacture of a purified product fit for a specific use, generally in marketable QUANTITIES, it also refers to the recovery and purification of BIOSYNTHETIC products, particularly pharmaceuticals, from natural sources such as animal or plant tissue or fermentation broth, including the recycling of SALVAGEABLE components and the proper treatment and disposal of waste.

Correct CHOICE is (d) Stirred tank bioreactors

To elaborate: The bench-top bioreactor is a mechanically stirred tank bioreactor fitted with a sparger and a rushton turbine. And its volume varies from < 1-L to 10,000-L capacity. The air is added to the culture medium under pressure through a device called sparger. The sparger may be a ring with many holes or a TUBE with a single orifice. The sparger along with impellers (agitators) enables better gas distribution system THROUGHOUT the vessel.

Correct answer is (b) Fed-batch

For explanation: Fed-batch fermentation is superior to conventional batch fermentation when CONTROLLING CONCENTRATIONS of a nutrient (or NUTRIENTS) affect the yield or productivity of the desired metabolite. The advantage of the fed-batch fermentation is that one can control concentration of fed-substrate in the culture liquid at arbitrarily desired LEVELS.

Correct ANSWER is (C) Because of imprecise control of temperature

Easy explanation: Shake flasks are usually subject to media evaporative loss in WARMER culture environments, typically 10% of volume per 24 hr at 37°C. This loss changes the density of the culture and prohibits longer term operation of the system and also the temperature control is absent or LIMITED.

Correct ANSWER is (d) Bring HIGH abundant proteins into DYNAMIC range

Easy EXPLANATION: The low abundant proteins are preferred over high abundant proteins as the low abundant proteins prove to be informative biomarkers and enrichment of low abundant proteins has the great advantage of obtaining much larger amount of material that can be used for further fractionations and analyses.

The correct option is (c) Because Procaine is ANALGESIC in NATURE

To explain: Procaine is an analgesic in nature as it is primarily used to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of Penicillin and which is also the DERIVATIVE of cocaine probably PROVIDES the longevity to Penicillin.

The correct answer is (b) Proteins

The best EXPLANATION: Proteins such as enzymes play a very important role in the manufacturing of BIOLOGICAL products, they provide the quality and stability with increased product efficiency and reducing CONSUMPTION in energy, WATER and raw materials – and generating less waste.

The CORRECT answer is (a) Mechanically agitated bioreactors

To explain I would say: Rotary drum tank REACTOR COMES under Mechanically agitated bioreactors because it contains Stirrer paddle which provides efficient MIXING and also CAUSES production on a large scale.

The correct choice is (a) Calcium chloride

For EXPLANATION I WOULD say: Before Bacterial transformation, BACTERIA are treated with a chemical CALLED Calcium chloride, which causes water to enter into the cells and makes them swell. These swollen bacteria are then known as COMPETENT bacteria, which is further used in Bacterial transformation process.

Right option is (a) 100-1000L

For explanation I would say: The Pilot-scale bioreactor vessel of capacity 100-1000L is BUILT according to SPECIFICATIONS determined from the bench-scale PROTOTYPE.