1116 + Interview Questions in BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GENERAL AWARENESS Page 21 InterviewSolution

1001.	Enzyms that cleaves nucleic acids within the polynucleotide chain is known asA. endonucleaseB. exonucleaseC. arylsulphataseD. phosphotriestesterase
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1002.	The procedures associated with modern biotechnology areA. genetic engineeringB. recombinant DNA technologyC. gene cloningD. All of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - d

Discussion

1003.	Transfer of any gene into a completely different organism can be done through :A. genetic engineeringB. tissue cultureC. transformationD. None of these
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1004.	The nucleic acid hybridisation was developed byA. GrunsteinB. HognessC. GlibertD. Both (a) and (b)
Answer» Correct Answer - c

Discussion

1005.	An antibiotic resistance gene in a vector usu- ally helps in the selection ofA. competent cellsB. transformed cellsC. recombinant cellsD. none of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - b

Discussion

1006.	In a genetic engineering experiment restriction enzymes can be used for :A. bacterial DNA onlyB. viral DNA onlyC. any DNA fragmentD. eukaryotic DNA only
Answer» Correct Answer - C

Discussion

1007.	Which of the following is not an application of PCR ?A. Detection of pathogensB. Diagnosis of mutationsC. PalaentologyD. All of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - d

Discussion

1008.	Ashok was taught in his biotechnology class about the industrial production of recombinant protein. He got very much surprised to learn about this new information. After coming back home he discussed this matter with his elder brother who is a biotechnologist. His brother smiled and explained every thing about such a large scale and industrial production of recombinant protein. Answer the following questions on the basis of the information as above. (i) What is recombinant protein? (ii) What is bioreactor and why is it useful in industries? (iii) What are the values exhibited by Ashok?
Answer» (i) The aim of recombinant technology is to produce desired protein. When a protein encoding gene is expressed in the host it is called recombinant protein. The cells having the genes of interest are grown in cultures and then the expressed desired protein is extracted. (ii) Bioreactors are large vessels in which the raw materials are biologically converted into specific products. They are used for large scale production of industrial products. (iii) Ashok is inquisitive, curious and interested in scientific higher learning.

1008.

Ashok was taught in his biotechnology class about the industrial production of recombinant protein. He got very much surprised to learn about this new information. After coming back home he discussed this matter with his elder brother who is a biotechnologist. His brother smiled and explained every thing about such a large scale and industrial production of recombinant protein. Answer the following questions on the basis of the information as above. (i) What is recombinant protein? (ii) What is bioreactor and why is it useful in industries? (iii) What are the values exhibited by Ashok?

Answer»

(i) The aim of recombinant technology is to produce desired protein. When a protein encoding gene is expressed in the host it is called recombinant protein. The cells having the genes of interest are grown in cultures and then the expressed desired protein is extracted.

(ii) Bioreactors are large vessels in which the raw materials are biologically converted into specific products. They are used for large scale production of industrial products.

(iii) Ashok is inquisitive, curious and interested in scientific higher learning.

Discussion

1009.	A foreign DNA and plasmid cut by the same restriction endonculease can be joined to form a recombinant plasmid usingA. Polymerase IIIB. LigaseC. Eco RID. Taq polymerase
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1010.	Mohan's wife is pregnant for the last four months. He took his wife to gynacologist for routine check up. After check up the doctor suggested his wife to undergo amniocentesis test in order to know the genetic disorder, if any in the foetus. After performing amniocentesis test the doctor advised for PCR test so as to confirm the presence of genetic defect in the foetus. After coming back home Mohan's wife discussed this matter with her mother in law, who denied her to undergo, such tests and told that two much such tests may harm the baby. Answer the following questions on the basis of above informations. (i) What is amniocentesis? (ii) What do you understand by PCR. Explain briefly its uses. (iii) Do you think that Mohan's mother is justified in her behaviour ?
Answer» (i) Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique used to determine sex and genetic disorder of an unborn foetus. (ii) PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. This technique is used to amplify selected sequences of DNA so as to facilitate the genetic diagnosis of diseases such as sickle cell anaemia, muscular dystrophy etc. PCR is also used in the detection of HIV, DNA finger-printing, it is also used to clone DNA fragments extinct animals. (iii) No Mohan's mother is not justified denying for the tests to be conducted. Amniocentesis and PCR test are primarily meant for finding out the genetic disorders in the developing foetus. They do not harm the developing baby. If the foetal genetic defects are confirmed by the tests the termination of such and pregnancy is not illegal.

1010.

Mohan's wife is pregnant for the last four months. He took his wife to gynacologist for routine check up. After check up the doctor suggested his wife to undergo amniocentesis test in order to know the genetic disorder, if any in the foetus. After performing amniocentesis test the doctor advised for PCR test so as to confirm the presence of genetic defect in the foetus. After coming back home Mohan's wife discussed this matter with her mother in law, who denied her to undergo, such tests and told that two much such tests may harm the baby. Answer the following questions on the basis of above informations. (i) What is amniocentesis? (ii) What do you understand by PCR. Explain briefly its uses. (iii) Do you think that Mohan's mother is justified in her behaviour ?

Answer»

(i) Amniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique used to determine sex and genetic disorder of an unborn foetus.

(ii) PCR stands for polymerase chain reaction. This technique is used to amplify selected sequences of DNA so as to facilitate the genetic diagnosis of diseases such as sickle cell anaemia, muscular dystrophy etc.

PCR is also used in the detection of HIV, DNA finger-printing, it is also used to clone DNA fragments extinct animals.

(iii) No Mohan's mother is not justified denying for the tests to be conducted. Amniocentesis and PCR test are primarily meant for finding out the genetic disorders in the developing foetus. They do not harm the developing baby. If the foetal genetic defects are confirmed by the tests the termination of such and pregnancy is not illegal.

Discussion

1011.	Assertion: The recombinant DNA molecule cannot be created, unless one cuts the vector & source DNA with same restriction enzyme Reason :When cuts by same enzyme both will have same sticky ends, that can be joined by DNA ligaseA. If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a correct explanation of the AssertionB. It both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the AssetionC. If Assertion is True but the Reason is FalseD. If both Assertion & Reason are false
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

1012.	Which of the following cartoon characters does not share its name with that of a gene ?A. TintinB. PopeyeC. AsterixD. Oelix
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

1013.	Which of the following processes or procedures does not involve any nucleic acid hybridisation ?A. Separation of fragement by gel electrophoresisB. Southern blottingC. Polymerase chain reactionD. DNA sequencing by the Sanger method
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1014.	Assertion: Restriction enzyme digestions are performed by incubating purified DNA molecule with restriction enzyme Reason :Agarose gel electrophorosis is employed to check the progression of restriction enzyme digestionA. If both Assertion & Reason are True & the Reason is a correct explanation of the AssertionB. It both Assertion & Reason are True but Reason is not a correct explanation of the AssetionC. If Assertion is True but the Reason is FalseD. If both Assertion & Reason are false
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1015.	The number of copies of a gene present in a cell is calledA. gene dosageB. gene poolC. gene amplificationD. gene frequency
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1016.	Assertion : Unless one cuts the vector and the foreign/source DNA with the same restriction enzymes, the recombinant vector molecule cannot be created Reason: When cut by the same restriction enzyme, the resultant DNA fragments have the same kind of sticky ends and these can be joined together (end to end) using DNA ligasesA. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertionB. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertionC. If assertion is true but reason is falseD. If both assertion and reason are false
Answer» Correct Answer - A Unless one cuts of the vector and the foreign/source DNA with the same restriction enzyme, the recombinant vector molecule cannot be created because when cut by the same restriction enzyme, the resultant DNA fragments have the same kind of sticky ends and these can be joined together (end to end) using DNA ligases

Discussion

1017.	Assertion : The first restriction endonuclease was Hine II Reason :Hind II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recongnising a specific sequence of six base pairs.A. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertionB. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertionC. If assertion is true but reason is falseD. If both assertion and reason are false
Answer» Correct Answer - B `` The first restriction endonuclease was Hind-II `` Hind-II always cut DNA molecules at a particular point by recognising a specific sequence of six base pairs

Discussion

1018.	Name the type of bioreactor shown. Write the purpose for which it is used.
Answer» Simple stirred tank bioreactor Large scale production of recombinant protein / Raw materials are biologically converted into specific products or enzymes, using microbial plants / animals / human cells.

Discussion

1019.	In order to link the alien DNA the vector needs to have very few, preferably single ……… for the commonly used restriction enzymes.A. OriB. recognition sitesC. insertional sitesD. circular sites
Answer» Correct Answer - b

Discussion

1020.	In biotechnological processes cDNA is prepared from :A. B-DNAB. hn-RNAC. Z-DNAD. m-RNA
Answer» Correct Answer - D

Discussion

1021.

Distinguish between the following :Genomic library and c-DNA library.

Answer»

Genomic library	c-DNA library
1. It is a collection of clones that represent the complete genome of an organism.	1. It is a collection of clones containing c-DNAs inserted into suitable vectors like phages or plasmids.
2. DNA fragments to be cloned are obtained by cutting genomic DNA by restriction enzymes.	2. c-DNAs are produced by the process of reverse transcription, using complete m-RNA complement obtained from a tissue or an organism.

Discussion

1022.	Give reason :The establishment of genomic library is more meaningful in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.
Answer» 1. The prokaryotic genome does not contain repetitive DNA. 2. Eukaryotic DNA genome contains introns, regulatory genes and repetitive DNA. 3. Hence, the establishment of genomic library is more meaningful in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.

1022.

Give reason :The establishment of genomic library is more meaningful in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.

Answer»

1. The prokaryotic genome does not contain repetitive DNA.

2. Eukaryotic DNA genome contains introns, regulatory genes and repetitive DNA.

3. Hence, the establishment of genomic library is more meaningful in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.

Discussion

1023.	Give reason :All the fragments of a genome are cloned for storing them in genomic library.
Answer» 1. Genomic DNA is fragmented at the time of preparing genomic library. 2. It is not known which fragment has the desired gene. 3. Therefore all the fragments have to be cloned to store the copies of each separately. 4. Screening for the desired gene is later done through complementation or using DNA probes. 5. Therefore, all the fragments of a genome are cloned for storing them in genomic library.

1023.

Give reason :All the fragments of a genome are cloned for storing them in genomic library.

Answer»

1. Genomic DNA is fragmented at the time of preparing genomic library.

2. It is not known which fragment has the desired gene.

3. Therefore all the fragments have to be cloned to store the copies of each separately.

4. Screening for the desired gene is later done through complementation or using DNA probes.

5. Therefore, all the fragments of a genome are cloned for storing them in genomic library.

Discussion

1024.	Which technique is used to check the progression of restriction enzyme digestionA. PCRB. Gel electrophorosisC. Southern BlottingD. Staining
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1025.	A restriction enzyme digests DNA into fragments. Name the technique used to check the progression of this enzyme and separate DNA fragments.
Answer» Gel electrophoresis

Discussion

1026.	Name the process which is use to check the progression of restriction enzyme digestion.
Answer» Correct Answer - Agarose gel electrophoresis

Discussion

1027.	Read the given statements and select the correct option, Statement 1 : Restriction endonuclease enzymes recongnise a specific palindromic nucleotide sequence in the DNA Statement 2: Restriction endonuclease enzymes are called as molecular scissors or biological scissors.A. the cellular DNA does not have the specific sitesB. the susceptible specific sites are marked by proteinsC. the restriction enzyme susceptible sites are modified by cellular enzymesD. the restriction enzymes and DNA occupy used in genetic engineering is employed for:
Answer» Correct Answer - C

Discussion

1028.	Stirred-tank bioreactors have been designed for :A. purification of product.B. addition of preservatives to the product.C. avialability of oxygen throughout the process.D. ensuring anaerobic conditions in the culture vessel.
Answer» Correct Answer - C

Discussion

1029.	Assertion : Restriction endonuclease recognize short palindromic. Sequence and cut at specific sites. Reason : When a restriction endonuclease acts on Palindrome, it cleaves both the the strands of DNA molecules.A. A is incorrect and R is correctB. A and R are both correct, but R is not explanation of AC. A is correct and R is incorrectD. A and R are both correct and R is explanation of A
Answer» Correct Answer - b The restriction endonuclease cut the DNA sequences at a specific site and produce DNA strands with the sticky ends. It cuts both the strands of DNA at the palindrome sites.

Discussion

1030.	Type-II restriction enzymes are preferred over type-I in cleaving DNA strand because theyA. cleave DNA very fastB. do not require additional energy for cleavageC. cleave DNA at specific siteD. Both (a) and (b)
Answer» Correct Answer - d

Discussion

1031.	Which is the first enzyme used in the production of cDNA ?A. Restriction enzymesB. Reverse transcrptaseC. LigaseD. DNA polymerase
Answer» Correct Answer - b

Discussion

1032.	Stirred-tank biroreactors have been designed forA. Ensuring anaerobic conditions in the culture vesselB. A vailability of oxygen throughout the processC. Addition of preservatives to the productD. Purification of the product
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1033.	Which of the following method is used to construct genomic library ?A. Shot gun sequencingB. Homopolymer tailingC. Insertion inactivationD. Both (b) and (c )
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1034.	In order to express human gene in a bacterium, cDNA must be made because bacteriaA. splice RNAB. destroy human DNAC. cannot remove intronsD. have reverse transcriptase
Answer» Correct Answer - c

Discussion

1035.	cDNA - mRNA bybrids are made by usingA. Reverse transcriptaseB. DNA polymeraseC. RNA polymeraseD. restriction endonucleases
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1036.	Genomic DNA library isA. Packing of donor DNA in a collection of vectorsB. A collection of gene vectorsC. Collection of organisms for extracting DNAD. A collection of literature about DNA
Answer» Correct Answer - A Genomic DNA library is packing of donor DNA in a collection of vectors

Discussion

1037.	Restriction endonuclease is employed for cuttingA. A single stranded DNAB. Double stranded DNAC. RNA fragmentD. mRNA
Answer» Correct Answer - B Restriction endonculease is employed for cutting double stranded DNA

Discussion

1038.	Which technique is used to check the progression of restriction enzyme digestionA. Western blottingB. SDS pageC. Agarose gel electrophoresisD. All of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - c

Discussion

1039.	Restriction endonucleases used widely in RDT are obtained fromA. PlasmidsB. Bacterial cellsC. BacteriophagesD. All prokaryotic cells
Answer» Correct Answer - B Restriction endonculeases used widely in RDT are obtained from bacterial cells

Discussion

1040.	The enzyme capable of cutting DNA molecule at specific sites isA. NucleaseB. Restriction endonculeaseC. LipaseD. Ligase
Answer» Correct Answer - B The enzyme capable of cutting DNA molecule at specific sites is restriction endonculease

Discussion

1041.	Assertion : Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the centre of the palindromic sites Reason: Restriction enzymes cut the strads of DNA between the same two bases on the opposite strand.A. If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertionB. If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the assertionC. If assertion is true but reason is falseD. If both assertion and reason are false
Answer» Correct Answer - B `` Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the palindromic sites. `` Restriction enzymes cut the strands of DNA between the same two base on the opposite strand.

Discussion

1042.	Diagram of a simple stirred-tank bioreactor is given below. Select the correct option : A. A-Motor , B-Culture broth, C-Foam breaker, D-Sterile airB. A-Motor , B-Foam breaker, C-Culture broth , D-Sterile airC. A-Motor, B-Foam breaker , C-Sterile air, D-Culture brothD. A- Sterile air ,B-Motor, C-Foam breaker, D-Culture broth
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1043.	Complementary DNA does not create a momplete gene library becauseA. it has eliminated introns from the genesB. cell produces mRNA for only small portion of its genesC. the shotgun approch produces more restiction fragmentsD. cDNA can easily integrated into plasmids or phage genomes
Answer» Correct Answer - b

Discussion

1044.	Assertion A genetic probe is helpful in the detection of specific DNA sequence. Reason Genetic probe is a radiolabelled cDNA, which has complementary base sequence, to DNA fragment which is to be detected.A. Both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is correct explanation of the AssertionB. Both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is not the correct explanation of the AssertionC. Assertion is true, but the Reason is falseD. Assertion is false, but the Reason is true
Answer» Correct Answer - a Probe are small nucleotide sequences used to detect the presence of complementary sequences in nucleic acid samples. This is achieved by permitting the probes to base pair witht the sample nucleic acids and then identifying the samples that show base pairing with probes, i.e. hybridisation. The probes an either be labelled with (i) radioactivity, e.g. `P^(32)` or (ii) with non-radioactive labels, e.g. biotin, digoxigenin, etc.

Discussion

1045.	Which of the following should be chosen for best yield if one were to produce a recombi- nant protein in large amounts?A. Laboratory flask of largest capacityB. A stirred tank bioreactor without inlets and outletsC. A continuous culture systemD. Any of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - c

Discussion

1046.	A single-stranded DNA or RNA, tagged with a radioactive molecule (probe) is allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection usingA. photographic filmB. autoradiographyC. nitrocellulose paperD. replica plating
Answer» Correct Answer - b

Discussion

1047.	Synthetic DNA or sDNA is synthesised inA. lab without any templateB. cel cell without any templateC. the lab without any nucleotideD. the cell without any nucleotide
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1048.	Which of the following techniques is most widely employed to check the progress of restriction enzyme digestion ?A. PCRB. CentrifugationC. A garose gel electophoresisD. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Answer» Correct Answer - C

Discussion

1049.	Location or sites in the human DNA where single base DNA differences occurs are called:A. repertitive DNAB. VNTRC. SNPD. SSCP
Answer» Correct Answer - C

Discussion

1050.	In immunological method, which technique is used to detect clones at the end ?A. Wetern blottingB. Insertional inactivationC. Replica platingD. None of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Enzyms that cleaves nucleic acids within the polynucleotide chain is known asA. endonucleaseB. exonucleaseC. arylsulphataseD. phosphotriestesterase

The procedures associated with modern biotechnology areA. genetic engineeringB. recombinant DNA technologyC. gene cloningD. All of the above

Transfer of any gene into a completely different organism can be done through :A. genetic engineeringB. tissue cultureC. transformationD. None of these

The nucleic acid hybridisation was developed byA. GrunsteinB. HognessC. GlibertD. Both (a) and (b)

An antibiotic resistance gene in a vector usu- ally helps in the selection ofA. competent cellsB. transformed cellsC. recombinant cellsD. none of the above

In a genetic engineering experiment restriction enzymes can be used for :A. bacterial DNA onlyB. viral DNA onlyC. any DNA fragmentD. eukaryotic DNA only

Which of the following is not an application of PCR ?A. Detection of pathogensB. Diagnosis of mutationsC. PalaentologyD. All of the above

A foreign DNA and plasmid cut by the same restriction endonculease can be joined to form a recombinant plasmid usingA. Polymerase IIIB. LigaseC. Eco RID. Taq polymerase

Which of the following cartoon characters does not share its name with that of a gene ?A. TintinB. PopeyeC. AsterixD. Oelix

Which of the following processes or procedures does not involve any nucleic acid hybridisation ?A. Separation of fragement by gel electrophoresisB. Southern blottingC. Polymerase chain reactionD. DNA sequencing by the Sanger method

The number of copies of a gene present in a cell is calledA. gene dosageB. gene poolC. gene amplificationD. gene frequency

Name the type of bioreactor shown. Write the purpose for which it is used.

In order to link the alien DNA the vector needs to have very few, preferably single ……… for the commonly used restriction enzymes.A. OriB. recognition sitesC. insertional sitesD. circular sites

In biotechnological processes cDNA is prepared from :A. B-DNAB. hn-RNAC. Z-DNAD. m-RNA

Distinguish between the following :Genomic library and c-DNA library.

Give reason :The establishment of genomic library is more meaningful in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes.

Give reason :All the fragments of a genome are cloned for storing them in genomic library.

Which technique is used to check the progression of restriction enzyme digestionA. PCRB. Gel electrophorosisC. Southern BlottingD. Staining

A restriction enzyme digests DNA into fragments. Name the technique used to check the progression of this enzyme and separate DNA fragments.

Name the process which is use to check the progression of restriction enzyme digestion.

Stirred-tank bioreactors have been designed for :A. purification of product.B. addition of preservatives to the product.C. avialability of oxygen throughout the process.D. ensuring anaerobic conditions in the culture vessel.

Type-II restriction enzymes are preferred over type-I in cleaving DNA strand because theyA. cleave DNA very fastB. do not require additional energy for cleavageC. cleave DNA at specific siteD. Both (a) and (b)

Which is the first enzyme used in the production of cDNA ?A. Restriction enzymesB. Reverse transcrptaseC. LigaseD. DNA polymerase

Stirred-tank biroreactors have been designed forA. Ensuring anaerobic conditions in the culture vesselB. A vailability of oxygen throughout the processC. Addition of preservatives to the productD. Purification of the product

Which of the following method is used to construct genomic library ?A. Shot gun sequencingB. Homopolymer tailingC. Insertion inactivationD. Both (b) and (c )

In order to express human gene in a bacterium, cDNA must be made because bacteriaA. splice RNAB. destroy human DNAC. cannot remove intronsD. have reverse transcriptase

cDNA - mRNA bybrids are made by usingA. Reverse transcriptaseB. DNA polymeraseC. RNA polymeraseD. restriction endonucleases

Genomic DNA library isA. Packing of donor DNA in a collection of vectorsB. A collection of gene vectorsC. Collection of organisms for extracting DNAD. A collection of literature about DNA

Restriction endonuclease is employed for cuttingA. A single stranded DNAB. Double stranded DNAC. RNA fragmentD. mRNA

Which technique is used to check the progression of restriction enzyme digestionA. Western blottingB. SDS pageC. Agarose gel electrophoresisD. All of the above

Restriction endonucleases used widely in RDT are obtained fromA. PlasmidsB. Bacterial cellsC. BacteriophagesD. All prokaryotic cells

The enzyme capable of cutting DNA molecule at specific sites isA. NucleaseB. Restriction endonculeaseC. LipaseD. Ligase

Complementary DNA does not create a momplete gene library becauseA. it has eliminated introns from the genesB. cell produces mRNA for only small portion of its genesC. the shotgun approch produces more restiction fragmentsD. cDNA can easily integrated into plasmids or phage genomes

Which of the following should be chosen for best yield if one were to produce a recombi- nant protein in large amounts?A. Laboratory flask of largest capacityB. A stirred tank bioreactor without inlets and outletsC. A continuous culture systemD. Any of the above

A single-stranded DNA or RNA, tagged with a radioactive molecule (probe) is allowed to hybridise to its complementary DNA in a clone of cells followed by detection usingA. photographic filmB. autoradiographyC. nitrocellulose paperD. replica plating

Synthetic DNA or sDNA is synthesised inA. lab without any templateB. cel cell without any templateC. the lab without any nucleotideD. the cell without any nucleotide

Which of the following techniques is most widely employed to check the progress of restriction enzyme digestion ?A. PCRB. CentrifugationC. A garose gel electophoresisD. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Location or sites in the human DNA where single base DNA differences occurs are called:A. repertitive DNAB. VNTRC. SNPD. SSCP

In immunological method, which technique is used to detect clones at the end ?A. Wetern blottingB. Insertional inactivationC. Replica platingD. None of the above