1116 + Interview Questions in BIOTECHNOLOGY IN GENERAL AWARENESS Page 22 InterviewSolution

1051.	Identify A, B ,C and D in the given diagram : A. `A-"ori", B-"amp"^(R), C-"tet"^(R),D-"Hind" III`B. `A-"Hind" III , B-"tet"^(R), C-"amp"^(R), D-"ori"`C. `A-"amp"^(R),B-"tet"^(R),C-"Hind" III,D-"ori"`D. `A-"tet"^(R),B-"Hind" III, C-"ori",D-"amp"^(R)`
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

1052.	The complementary synthetic and random DNA are used as :A. TransposonsB. Passenger DNAC. Cloning vectorsD. Recombinant DNA
Answer» Correct Answer - B Foreign`//`passenger DNA is a fragment of DNA molecule which is enzymatically isolated and cloned. The gene is identified on a genome and pulled out from it either before or after cloning . The cloned foreigh DNA fragment expresses normally as in parental cell.

Discussion

1053.	A bacterial cell was transformed with a recombinant DNA that was generated using a human gene. However, the transformed cells did not produce the desired protein. Reason could beA. human gene may have intron which bacteria cannot processB. amino acid condons for human and bacteria are differentC. human protein is formed, but degraded by bacteriaD. All of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1054.	A bacterial cell was transformed with a re- combinant DNA that was generated using a human gene. However, the !ransform~d cells did not produce the desired protein. Reasons could beA. human gene may have intron which bacteria cannot processB. amino acid codons for humans and bac- teria are differentC. human protein is formed but degraded by bacteriaD. all of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1055.	A bacterial cell was transformed with a recombinant DNA that was generated using a human gene. However, the transformed cells did not produce the desired protein. Reason could beA. Human gane may have intron which bacteria cannot processB. Amino acid codons for humans and bacteria are differentC. Human protein is formed but degraded be bacteriaD. all of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

1056.	Who developed the immunological of selection of transformed cells ?A. Gunstein HognessB. BroomC. GilbertD. Both (b) and (c )
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1057.	Which one of these is not a tool of recombinant DNA technology ?A. VectorB. IntronsC. Restriction enzymeD. Polymerase enzyme
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1058.	A bacterial cell was transformed with a recombinant DNA that was generated using a human gene. However, the transformed cells did not produce the desired protein. Reason could beA. Human gene may have intron which bacteria cannot process.B. Amino acid codons for humans and bacteria are differentC. Human protein is formed but degraded be bacteria.D. All of the above .
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

1059.	Which of the following is a restricition endonuclease ?A. Hind IIB. RnaseC. Dnase ID. Protease
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

1060.	Restriction endonucleases are enzymes which:A. make cuts at specific positions within the DNA moleculeB. recognise a specific nucleotide sequence for binding of DNA ligaseC. restrict the action of the enzyme DNA polymeraseD. remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA molecule
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1061.	Restriction endonucleases are enzymes thatA. restricts the action of other enzymesB. break phosphodiester bond between specific nucleotides of DNAC. break nucleus into piecesD. break H-bond between two strands of DNA
Answer» Correct Answer - b

Discussion

1062.	Consider the following statements. A. Endonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA whereas, exonucleases make cuts a specific positions within the DNA. Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the centre of the palindrome sites. C. Asexual reproductions provides opportunities for variations and formulation of unique combinations of genetic setup. ltbrtgt D. DNA fragments can be separated by a technique known as gel electrophoresis. Of the above statements:A. A and B are correctB. B and D are correctC. A and C are correctD. A and C are correct
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1063.	One of the methods by which DNA connot be transformed to the host cell is by :A. gene gunB. microinjectionC. polymerase chain reactionD. disarmed pathogen vectors
Answer» Correct Answer - C

Discussion

1064.	Restricition endonucleases :A. are used for in vitro DNA synthesis.B. are synthesized by bacteria as part of defence mechanism.C. are used in genetic engineering for ligation of two DNA molecules.D. are present in mammalian cells for degradation of DNA when the cell dies.
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1065.	With respect to DNA fragmentation: Statement A : Gel electrophoresis and elution are two important processes. Statement B : After staining with ehidium bromide it has to be exposed to UV light.A. Only A is correctB. Both A and B are correct statementsC. Only B is correctD. Only A is correct and B is not correct
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1066.	In pBR 322, recognition segqences, that are present on the same type of selectable markerA. Pst I, Pvu IB. Bam HI, Sal IC. Both A and BD. None of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - C In pBR 322, recognition sequences, Pst-I and Pvu-I are present on same type of selectable marker (`amp^(R)` gene) while BamH -I and Sal-I are present on `"tet"^(R)` gene

Discussion

1067.	The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc. are considered useful selectable markers inA. E. coliB. Bacillus thuringiensisC. Meloidegyne incognitiaD. All of these
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1068.	Which of the following features are required to facilitate cloning into a vector ? a. Origin of replication (ori) b. Selectable marker c. Cloning siteA. a and bB. b and cC. a and cD. a, b and c
Answer» Correct Answer - D Origin of replication (ori), selectable marker and cloning site are required to faciliate cloning into a vector

Discussion

1069.	In the year 1963, the two enzymes responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophage in E. coli were isolated. One of these added methyl groups to DNA, while the other cut DNA. The latter was calledA. restriction endonucleaseB. methylaseC. ligasesD. plasmid
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1070.	A mutant strain of `T_4` – Bacteriophage, R-II, fails to lyse the E-Coli but when two strains `R-II^X` and `R-II^Y` are mixed then they lyse the E.Coli. What may be the possible reason : -A. Bacteriophage transforms in wildB. It is not mutatedC. Both strains have similar cistronsD. Both strains have different cistons
Answer» Correct Answer - D Two strains of `T_(4)` have different cistrons the codes for different proteins, which togther lyse the E.coli.

Discussion

1071.	The function of selectable marker is :A. elimination of non-transformants and permiting transformantsB. eliminating transformants and permiting non-transformantsC. to destroy recognition sitesD. identify ori site
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

1072.	In the year ....a... the two enzymes responsible for ...b... the growth of bacteriophage in E. coli were isolated. One of these added ..c... group to DNA, while other ...d... DNA. The later was called ...e...A. a - 1963, b - promoting, c -ethyl, d-join, e-DNA ligaseB. a-1963, b-restricting, c-methyl, d-join, e-DNA ligaseC. a-1972, b-restricting, c-methyl, d-cut, e-restriction endonucleasesD. a-1963, b-restricting, c-methyl, d-cut, e-restriction endonuclease
Answer» Correct Answer - D In the year 1963 the two enzymes responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophase in E. coli were isolated. One of these added methyl group of DNA, while other cut DNA. The later was called restriction endonucleases

Discussion

1073.	Specify the role of "cos " sites in bacteriophage lambda.
Answer» “cos” sites are important for packaging DNA into phage head.

Discussion

1074.	How can we use LEU 2 gene as a selectable marker?
Answer» The LEU2 gene codes for an enzyme which is needed for the synthesis of the amino acid leucine. Yeast cells having this plasmid can grow on a medium lacking leucine and hence can be selected over cells not containing the plasmid.

Discussion

1075.	4 copies of ds DNA are subjected to polymerase chain reaction. How many copies would be obtained after 20 cycles?
Answer» copies would be obtained after 20 cycles 4 x 2²⁰.

Discussion

1076.	If haemoglobin (Hb) of a normal individual and a sickle-cell anaemia patient are run in electrophoretic field, they will showA. same mobilitiesB. different mobilitiesC. Hb of patient will not move at allD. Hbs are immobile
Answer» Correct Answer - B

Discussion

1077.	An important objective of biotechnology in agricuture section is to:A. increase plant weightB. decrease seed numberC. increase nitrogen contentD. produce pest resistant varieties of plant
Answer» Correct Answer - D

Discussion

1078.	How can bacterial DNA be released from the bacterial cell for biotechnology experiments?
Answer» The bacterial cell wall is digested by the enzyme lysozyme to release DNA from the cell.

Discussion

1079.

Indicate the inheritance pattern, genomic location and mutation in any two diseases caused by single gene mutations which follow mendelian inheritance. Also, specify the genomic location in any two diseases resulting from gene polymorphisms with complex inheritance.

Answer»

Single-gene mutations which follow mendelian inheritance	Gene polymorphisms which has complex inheritance
Cystic Fibrosis (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator CFTR gene) 1. Inheritance: autosomal recessive disease 2. Genomic location: Chromosome 7 (7q31.2) 3. Mutation: The most common mutation is a deletion of 3 bps resulting in the loss of codon no. 508, which codes for phenylalanine	Common late-onset Alzheimer's disease 1. Inheritance: Major cause is epsilon4 allele of the gene coding for apolipoproteinE (APOE) 2. Genomic location: Chromosome 19 (19q13) and recently Chromosome 10 (10q21).
Huntington disease (Huntingtin gene HTT) 1. Inheritance: autosomal dominant 2. Location: Chrosome 4 (4p16.3) 3. Mutation: increased number of CAG repeats more than 35 times	Migraine 1. Susceptibility locus: Chromosome 6p12. 2 - 6p21.1 and Chromosome 1q31

Discussion

1080.	The autonomously independent self replicating extranuclear DNA imparting cartain factors to some bacterium is called:A. cosmidB. plastidC. plasmidD. phagemid
Answer» Correct Answer - C

Discussion

1081.	Autonomously replicating circular extrachromosomal DNA is calledA. ChromatinB. PlasmidC. Palindromic nucleotide sequenceD. Nucleoid
Answer» Correct Answer - B Autonomously replicating circular extrachromosomal DNA is called plasmid

Discussion

1082.	A part from DNA in the bacterial nucleoid there is a circular extrachromosomal DNA called:A. plasmidB. mesosomeC. chromosomeD. none of these
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

1083.	If a plasmid vector is digested with EcoRl at a single site, thenA. one sticky end will be producedB. two sticky ends will be producedC. four sticky ends will be producedD. six sticky ends will be produced
Answer» Correct Answer - B Plasmid is a circular DNA, if it is digested at a single site, one fragment will be produced with two sticky ends.

Discussion

1084.	Explain palindromic nucleotide sequence with the help of a suitable example.
Answer» Palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pairs that reads the same on two strands when orientation of reading is the same. Example: 5' -------- GAATTC ----------3' 3' -------- CTTAAG ----------5'

1084.

Explain palindromic nucleotide sequence with the help of a suitable example.

Answer»

Palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pairs that reads the same on two strands when orientation of reading is the same.

Example: 5' -------- GAATTC ----------3'

3' -------- CTTAAG ----------5'

Discussion

1085.	Explain palindromic nucleotide sequence with the help of a suitable example.
Answer» The palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pairs that reads same on the two strands when orientation of reading is kept the same. For example, the following sequences reads the same on the two strands in 5′ → 3′ direction. This is also true if it is read in the 3′ → 5′ direction. 5′ — — GAATTC — — 3′ 3′ — — CTTAAG — — 5′

1085.

Explain palindromic nucleotide sequence with the help of a suitable example.

Answer»

The palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pairs that reads same on the two strands when orientation of reading is kept the same. For example, the following sequences reads the same on the two strands in 5′ → 3′ direction. This is also true if it is read in the 3′ → 5′ direction.

5′ — — GAATTC — — 3′

3′ — — CTTAAG — — 5′

Discussion

1086.	Identify the palindromic sequence in the followingA. `(GA AT T C)/(CT TU UG)`B. `(GGATC C)/(C CTAGG)`C. `(C CTG G)/(GGA C C)`D. `(C DATA)/(GCT A A)`
Answer» Correct Answer - B The palindromes in DNA are base pair sequences that are the same when read forward (left or right) or backward (right to left) from a central axis of symmetry. Thus, `(GGATC C)/(C CTAGG)` is a palindromic sequences.

Discussion

1087.	What is the utility of the bacterium, Thermus aquaticus?A. It is used in RELP mappingB. It is used to create recombinant plasmidsC. It is used in automated DNA sequencingD. It facilitates the polymerase chain reaction
Answer» Correct Answer - D

Discussion

1088.	Describe the roles of heat, primers and the bacterium Thermus aquaticus in the process of PCR.
Answer» • Heat denatures or helps in separation of DNA into two strands. • Primer–Enzyme DNA Polymerase extend the primers using the nucleotides provided in the reaction and the genomic DNA as template. *• Thermus aquaticus:* It is the source of thermostable DNA polymerase or Taq polymerase.

1088.

Describe the roles of heat, primers and the bacterium Thermus aquaticus in the process of PCR.

Answer»

• Heat denatures or helps in separation of DNA into two strands.

• Primer–Enzyme DNA Polymerase extend the primers using the nucleotides provided in the reaction and the genomic DNA as template.

• Thermus aquaticus: It is the source of thermostable DNA polymerase or Taq polymerase.

Discussion

1089.	The extraction of DNA fragment from agarose gel is called_______ .
Answer» Correct Answer - Elution

Discussion

1090.	Which of the following step is not involved in basic steps in genetically modifying an organismA. Identification of DNA with desirable geneB. Introduction of the identified DNA into the hostC. Amplification of DNA by using PCRD. Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA to its progeny
Answer» Correct Answer - C

Discussion

1091.	The DNA probe CTTCAAT will hybridize DNA containing:A. GAAGTTAB. GUUGAAUC. CTTCAATD. GAAGAAT
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

1092.	Which one of the following technique is not used for early molecular diagnosis ?A. polymerase chain reactionB. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisC. Recombinant DNA technologyD. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
Answer» Correct Answer - C

Discussion

1093.	There are three basic steps in genetically modifying an organism. Arrange these steps in correct sequence (a) Introduction of the identified DNA inot the host. (b) Maintenance of introduced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA to its progeny. (c) Identification of DNA with desirable genesA. `a rarr b rarr c`B. `b rarr c rarr a`C. `c rarr b rarr a`D. `c rarr a rarr b`
Answer» Correct Answer - D There are three basic steps in genetically modify organism. I these steps in correct sequence are c. Identification of DNA with desirable genes. b. Maintenance of introudced DNA in the host and transfer of the DNA of its progeny. a. Introduction of the identified DNA into the host

Discussion

1094.	In DNA segment the probe binds is identified by its size by using a technique called:A. DNA probeB. DNA denaturationC. DNA polymorphismD. None of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - D

Discussion

1095.	In blue-white screening the recombinants can be identified asA. colourless coloniesB. blue coloured coloniesC. red coloured coloniesD. None of the above
Answer» Correct Answer - a

Discussion

1096.	Give reasons for the following:(i) Kappa casein is involved in micelle stabilization of milk proteins.(ii) Whey protein detoxifies xenobiotics.(iii) Curd is used as pro-biotic.
Answer» (i) kappa casein contains a lipid molecule. 2/3 of the protein is hydrophobic (ii) Whey protein results in elevation of a tripeptide glutathione in cells which detoxifies xenobiotics. (iii) Curd is a good source of beneficial bacteria which can colonise the intestinal tract.

1096.

Give reasons for the following:(i) Kappa casein is involved in micelle stabilization of milk proteins.(ii) Whey protein detoxifies xenobiotics.(iii) Curd is used as pro-biotic.

Answer»

(i) kappa casein contains a lipid molecule. 2/3 of the protein is hydrophobic

(ii) Whey protein results in elevation of a tripeptide glutathione in cells which detoxifies xenobiotics.

(iii) Curd is a good source of beneficial bacteria which can colonise the intestinal tract.

Discussion

1097.	The publication of ‘Atlas of Protein Sequences and Structure’ under the editorship of Margaret O’ Dayhoff was a pioneering effort. Why?
Answer» Macromolecular Sequences first compiled in this Atlas Development of computer methods for comparison of protein sequences. Detection of various features from sequences like duplications, evolutionary histories, alignments etc.

1097.

The publication of ‘Atlas of Protein Sequences and Structure’ under the editorship of Margaret O’ Dayhoff was a pioneering effort. Why?

Answer»

Macromolecular Sequences first compiled in this Atlas

Development of computer methods for comparison of protein sequences. Detection of various features from sequences like duplications, evolutionary histories, alignments etc.

Discussion

1098.	A specific DNA sequence is identified from a heterogeneous population of DNA molecules on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization. (a) Identify the technique. (b) Schematically depict the steps of DNA separation technique.
Answer» (a) Southern hybridization (b) (i) Digestion of genomic DNA with restriction enzymes (ii) Electrophoresis on agarose gel (iii) Transfer to a nitrocellulose membrane (Southern Blotting) (iv) Hybridization with labeled probe (v) Detection of labeled probe.

1098.

A specific DNA sequence is identified from a heterogeneous population of DNA molecules on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization. (a) Identify the technique. (b) Schematically depict the steps of DNA separation technique.

Answer»

(a) Southern hybridization

(b) (i) Digestion of genomic DNA with restriction enzymes

(ii) Electrophoresis on agarose gel

(iii) Transfer to a nitrocellulose membrane (Southern Blotting)

(iv) Hybridization with labeled probe

(v) Detection of labeled probe.

Discussion

1099.	Based on Genomic studies, why do people say that different species and organisms had a common ancestor 100 million years ago.
Answer» It is due to SNP that is single nucleotide polymorphism It is estimated that differences between human and chimpanzee is only 1-3% while human and mouse share about 97.5% of their working DNA

1099.

Based on Genomic studies, why do people say that different species and organisms had a common ancestor 100 million years ago.

Answer»

It is due to SNP that is single nucleotide polymorphism

It is estimated that differences between human and chimpanzee is only 1-3% while human and mouse share about 97.5% of their working DNA

Discussion

1100.	RNA interfeence is essential for theA. cell defenceB. cell proliferationC. micropropagationD. cell differentiation
Answer» Correct Answer - A

Discussion

Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Identify A, B ,C and D in the given diagram : A. `A-"ori", B-"amp"^(R), C-"tet"^(R),D-"Hind" III`B. `A-"Hind" III , B-"tet"^(R), C-"amp"^(R), D-"ori"`C. `A-"amp"^(R),B-"tet"^(R),C-"Hind" III,D-"ori"`D. `A-"tet"^(R),B-"Hind" III, C-"ori",D-"amp"^(R)`

The complementary synthetic and random DNA are used as :A. TransposonsB. Passenger DNAC. Cloning vectorsD. Recombinant DNA

Who developed the immunological of selection of transformed cells ?A. Gunstein HognessB. BroomC. GilbertD. Both (b) and (c )

Which one of these is not a tool of recombinant DNA technology ?A. VectorB. IntronsC. Restriction enzymeD. Polymerase enzyme

Which of the following is a restricition endonuclease ?A. Hind IIB. RnaseC. Dnase ID. Protease

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes which:A. make cuts at specific positions within the DNA moleculeB. recognise a specific nucleotide sequence for binding of DNA ligaseC. restrict the action of the enzyme DNA polymeraseD. remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA molecule

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes thatA. restricts the action of other enzymesB. break phosphodiester bond between specific nucleotides of DNAC. break nucleus into piecesD. break H-bond between two strands of DNA

One of the methods by which DNA connot be transformed to the host cell is by :A. gene gunB. microinjectionC. polymerase chain reactionD. disarmed pathogen vectors

Restricition endonucleases :A. are used for in vitro DNA synthesis.B. are synthesized by bacteria as part of defence mechanism.C. are used in genetic engineering for ligation of two DNA molecules.D. are present in mammalian cells for degradation of DNA when the cell dies.

In pBR 322, recognition segqences, that are present on the same type of selectable markerA. Pst I, Pvu IB. Bam HI, Sal IC. Both A and BD. None of the above

The genes encoding resistance to antibiotics such as ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline or kanamycin, etc. are considered useful selectable markers inA. E. coliB. Bacillus thuringiensisC. Meloidegyne incognitiaD. All of these

Which of the following features are required to facilitate cloning into a vector ? a. Origin of replication (ori) b. Selectable marker c. Cloning siteA. a and bB. b and cC. a and cD. a, b and c

In the year 1963, the two enzymes responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophage in E. coli were isolated. One of these added methyl groups to DNA, while the other cut DNA. The latter was calledA. restriction endonucleaseB. methylaseC. ligasesD. plasmid

The function of selectable marker is :A. elimination of non-transformants and permiting transformantsB. eliminating transformants and permiting non-transformantsC. to destroy recognition sitesD. identify ori site

Specify the role of "cos " sites in bacteriophage lambda.

How can we use LEU 2 gene as a selectable marker?

4 copies of ds DNA are subjected to polymerase chain reaction. How many copies would be obtained after 20 cycles?

If haemoglobin (Hb) of a normal individual and a sickle-cell anaemia patient are run in electrophoretic field, they will showA. same mobilitiesB. different mobilitiesC. Hb of patient will not move at allD. Hbs are immobile

An important objective of biotechnology in agricuture section is to:A. increase plant weightB. decrease seed numberC. increase nitrogen contentD. produce pest resistant varieties of plant

How can bacterial DNA be released from the bacterial cell for biotechnology experiments?

Indicate the inheritance pattern, genomic location and mutation in any two diseases caused by single gene mutations which follow mendelian inheritance. Also, specify the genomic location in any two diseases resulting from gene polymorphisms with complex inheritance.

The autonomously independent self replicating extranuclear DNA imparting cartain factors to some bacterium is called:A. cosmidB. plastidC. plasmidD. phagemid

Autonomously replicating circular extrachromosomal DNA is calledA. ChromatinB. PlasmidC. Palindromic nucleotide sequenceD. Nucleoid

A part from DNA in the bacterial nucleoid there is a circular extrachromosomal DNA called:A. plasmidB. mesosomeC. chromosomeD. none of these

If a plasmid vector is digested with EcoRl at a single site, thenA. one sticky end will be producedB. two sticky ends will be producedC. four sticky ends will be producedD. six sticky ends will be produced

Explain palindromic nucleotide sequence with the help of a suitable example.

Explain palindromic nucleotide sequence with the help of a suitable example.

Identify the palindromic sequence in the followingA. `(GA AT T C)/(CT TU UG)`B. `(GGATC C)/(C CTAGG)`C. `(C CTG G)/(GGA C C)`D. `(C DATA)/(GCT A A)`

What is the utility of the bacterium, Thermus aquaticus?A. It is used in RELP mappingB. It is used to create recombinant plasmidsC. It is used in automated DNA sequencingD. It facilitates the polymerase chain reaction

Describe the roles of heat, primers and the bacterium Thermus aquaticus in the process of PCR.

The extraction of DNA fragment from agarose gel is called_______ .

The DNA probe CTTCAAT will hybridize DNA containing:A. GAAGTTAB. GUUGAAUC. CTTCAATD. GAAGAAT

Which one of the following technique is not used for early molecular diagnosis ?A. polymerase chain reactionB. polyacrylamide gel electrophoresisC. Recombinant DNA technologyD. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

In DNA segment the probe binds is identified by its size by using a technique called:A. DNA probeB. DNA denaturationC. DNA polymorphismD. None of the above

In blue-white screening the recombinants can be identified asA. colourless coloniesB. blue coloured coloniesC. red coloured coloniesD. None of the above

Give reasons for the following:(i) Kappa casein is involved in micelle stabilization of milk proteins.(ii) Whey protein detoxifies xenobiotics.(iii) Curd is used as pro-biotic.

The publication of ‘Atlas of Protein Sequences and Structure’ under the editorship of Margaret O’ Dayhoff was a pioneering effort. Why?

A specific DNA sequence is identified from a heterogeneous population of DNA molecules on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization. (a) Identify the technique. (b) Schematically depict the steps of DNA separation technique.

Based on Genomic studies, why do people say that different species and organisms had a common ancestor 100 million years ago.

RNA interfeence is essential for theA. cell defenceB. cell proliferationC. micropropagationD. cell differentiation