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LOW AFFINITY RECEPTORS play role in regulating he INTENSITY of IgE response.

Low affinity receptors play role in regulating he intensity of IgE response.

Sodium hydroxide is a very caustic SUBSTANCE – severe burns on skin contact, can cause severe eye irritation and burning – can severely damage SURFACE of eye causing blindness (PERMANENT), severe burring on ingestion and inhalation.
Butane is a gas – it is very toxic if inhaled – acts like an anesthetic – can stop person breathing very quickly.
Diethyleneglycol monobutyl ETHER is less ACUTELY toxic but does have long-term toxicity on various organs.

Sodium hydroxide is a very caustic substance – severe burns on skin contact, can cause severe eye irritation and burning – can severely damage surface of eye causing blindness (permanent), severe burring on ingestion and inhalation.
Butane is a gas – it is very toxic if inhaled – acts like an anesthetic – can stop person breathing very quickly.
Diethyleneglycol monobutyl ether is less acutely toxic but does have long-term toxicity on various organs.

The TENDENCY to manifest LOCALIZED ANAPHYLACTIC reactions is CALLED atopy.

The tendency to manifest localized anaphylactic reactions is called atopy.

TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME

Toxic shock syndrome

Non-A, Non-B HEPATITIS are COMMONLY TRANSMITTED VIA TRANSFUSION.

Non-A, Non-B hepatitis are commonly transmitted via transfusion.

EBOLA haemorrhagic FEVER

Ebola haemorrhagic fever

BRAZILIAN haemorrhagic

Brazilian haemorrhagic

The DISEASE CAUSED by ROTAVIRUS is INFANTILE DIARRHEA.

The disease caused by rotavirus is infantile diarrhea.

There are FOUR steps in BACTERIAL infection. They are:

• ATTACHMENT to host
• Proliferation
• Invasion of host tissue
• Toxin-induced DAMAGE to host cell 

There are four steps in bacterial infection. They are:

There are FOUR TYPES of hypersensitive reactions, they are:
TYPE I hypersensitive REACTION
Type II hypersensitive reaction
Type III hypersensitive reaction
Type IV hypersensitive reaction

There are four types of hypersensitive reactions, they are:
Type I hypersensitive reaction
Type II hypersensitive reaction
Type III hypersensitive reaction
Type IV hypersensitive reaction

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus, good pasture’s SYNDROME

Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, good pasture’s syndrome

Some of the INFECTIOUS diseases are MALARIA, MENINGITIS, trypanosomiasis, HEPATITIS etc…

Some of the Infectious diseases are Malaria, meningitis, trypanosomiasis, hepatitis etc…

It is immune complex mediated HYPERSENSITIVITY. Typical MANIFESTATIONS INCLUDE rheumatoid arthritis, SERUM sickness, necrotizing ETC.

It is immune complex mediated hypersensitivity. Typical manifestations include rheumatoid arthritis, serum sickness, necrotizing etc.

Is an antibody that BINDS to any of the BLOOD cells, enter the mother’s blood CIRCULATION, and facilitate their CLEARANCE by activation of B-cells and memory CELL production.

Is an antibody that binds to any of the blood cells, enter the mother’s blood circulation, and facilitate their clearance by activation of B-cells and memory cell production.

It is a HEMOLYTIC DISEASE, which develops in newborn. Maternal IGG antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the red bleed cells. This develops when an RH+ expresses an Rh ANTIGEN on blood cells that the mother does not express.

It is a hemolytic disease, which develops in newborn. Maternal IgG antibodies cross the placenta and destroy the red bleed cells. This develops when an Rh+ expresses an Rh antigen on blood cells that the mother does not express.

Atopic DERMATITIS is an INFLAMMATORY skin disease. This disease is observed FREQUENTLY in young CHILDREN. There will be skin ERUPTIONS.

Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease. This disease is observed frequently in young children. There will be skin eruptions.

Cytokines activate INFLAMMATORY CELLS such as NEUTROPHILS and eosnophils.IL-5 is IMPORTANT in activation of eosnophils, IL-4 INCREASES IgE production by B-cells. IL-4, Il-5, IL-6, TNF-a has been secreted by human mast cells.

Cytokines activate inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and eosnophils.IL-5 is important in activation of eosnophils, IL-4 increases IgE production by B-cells. IL-4, Il-5, IL-6, TNF-a has been secreted by human mast cells.

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins are formed only when the mast cell undergo degranulation and ENZYMATIC break down of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

The effects produced by them are more PRONOUNCED and long lasting than HISTAMINE. Leukotrienes mediate mucous production and bronchoconstriction. PROSTAGLANDIN D2 causes bronchoconstriction.

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins are formed only when the mast cell undergo degranulation and enzymatic break down of phospholipids in the plasma membrane.

The effects produced by them are more pronounced and long lasting than histamine. Leukotrienes mediate mucous production and bronchoconstriction. Prostaglandin D2 causes bronchoconstriction.

When H2 binds to MAST CELLS and basophils it suppresses DEGRANULATION.

When H2 binds to mast cells and basophils it suppresses degranulation.

There are THREE TYPES of HISTAMINE RECEPTORS. They are H1, H2 and H3.They has different tissue DISTRIBUTIONS.

There are three types of histamine receptors. They are H1, H2 and H3.They has different tissue distributions.

It is formed by the decarboxylation of amino ACID HISTIDINE. It ACCOUNTS for 10% of granule weight. This histamine binds to SPECIFIC receptors on VARIOUS target cells.

It is formed by the decarboxylation of amino acid histidine. It accounts for 10% of granule weight. This histamine binds to specific receptors on various target cells.

Secondary mediators are produced after target cell activation or released by the BREAK down of phospholipids MEMBRANE during the process of degarnulation. Some of the secondary mediators are leukotrienes, VARIOUS cytokines, PROSTAGLANDINS etc

Secondary mediators are produced after target cell activation or released by the break down of phospholipids membrane during the process of degarnulation. Some of the secondary mediators are leukotrienes, various cytokines, prostaglandins etc

Primary mediators are those, which are PRODUCED before degranulation. These primary mediators are stored in granules. Some of the primary mediators are HISTAMINE, HEPARIN, proteases etc.

Primary mediators are those, which are produced before degranulation. These primary mediators are stored in granules. Some of the primary mediators are histamine, heparin, proteases etc.

SYMPTOMS include fever, WEAKNESS, RASHES, with erythema and edema. Serum sickness DEPENDS on the immune complexes FORMED and the size of the complexes.

Symptoms include fever, weakness, rashes, with erythema and edema. Serum sickness depends on the immune complexes formed and the size of the complexes.

When an individual is EXPOSED to foreign SERUM ANTIGEN then a combination of SYMPTOMS are produced which is called as serum sickness.

When an individual is exposed to foreign serum antigen then a combination of symptoms are produced which is called as serum sickness.

It is cell-mediated HYPERSENSITIVITY. TYPICAL MANIFESTATIONS include graft REJECTION, dermatitis etc.

It is cell-mediated hypersensitivity. Typical manifestations include graft rejection, dermatitis etc.

SERUM IgE LEVELS will increase and REMAIN until the PARASITE is washed out from the body.

Serum IgE levels will increase and remain until the parasite is washed out from the body.

ALLERGENS are non-parasitic antigens. They are capable of STIMULATING hypersensitive reactions in ALLERGY conditions in an INDIVIDUAL.

Allergens are non-parasitic antigens. They are capable of stimulating hypersensitive reactions in allergy conditions in an individual.

Penicillin, sulfonamide, EGGS, milk, DUST MITES, animal AIR, VACCINES etc.

Penicillin, sulfonamide, eggs, milk, dust mites, animal air, vaccines etc.

Most of them OCCUR on mucous membrane. ALLERGENS ENTER the body by the PROCESS of inhalation or ingestion.

Most of them occur on mucous membrane. Allergens enter the body by the process of inhalation or ingestion.

The species, which accepts the electrons, are CALLED Electrophilles (or) ELECTROPHILIC reagents. When the atom (or) group of atoms PRESENT in the organic compound is replaced by another atom (or) group of atoms (electrophilic) is called electrophilic substitution reaction.

The species, which accepts the electrons, are called Electrophilles (or) Electrophilic reagents. When the atom (or) group of atoms present in the organic compound is replaced by another atom (or) group of atoms (electrophilic) is called electrophilic substitution reaction.

The RESPONSE produced when an ALLERGEN is INJECTED into an INDIVIDUAL, who is sensitive is called P-K reaction.

The response produced when an allergen is injected into an individual, who is sensitive is called P-K reaction.

Mast cells and BASOPHILS express high affinity receptor. The high affinity ENABLES it to BIND with IGE, despite low serum concentration of IgE.

Mast cells and basophils express high affinity receptor. The high affinity enables it to bind with IgE, despite low serum concentration of IgE.

The idea of adding acid/base is to change the lipid (and therefore organic solvent) solubility of the components you want to extract.
For example, a fatty acid is more soluble in water as a salt (and, THUS, in basic conditions) whereas it is largely insoluble in water in its uncharged state (in acid conditions). So adding acid to the SOLUTION of fatty acid salt in water will render it water-insoluble and, thus, move it from the water to the organic solvent.
This is a standard extraction technique for organic acids and bases. Also, note that exact CONCENTRATIONS of acid/base need to be calibrated for each extraction.
Gel formation is difficult to deal with, as you cannot be sure of the extraction (difficult to mix and SEPARATE). We would suggest changing the method unless you can SHOW a decent extraction or the description of the method says to expect a gel formation.

The idea of adding acid/base is to change the lipid (and therefore organic solvent) solubility of the components you want to extract.
For example, a fatty acid is more soluble in water as a salt (and, thus, in basic conditions) whereas it is largely insoluble in water in its uncharged state (in acid conditions). So adding acid to the solution of fatty acid salt in water will render it water-insoluble and, thus, move it from the water to the organic solvent.
This is a standard extraction technique for organic acids and bases. Also, note that exact concentrations of acid/base need to be calibrated for each extraction.
Gel formation is difficult to deal with, as you cannot be sure of the extraction (difficult to mix and separate). We would suggest changing the method unless you can show a decent extraction or the description of the method says to expect a gel formation.

To be "bioequivalent" two preparations or DRUGS need to GIVE the same biological effect.
The usual "experimental ERROR" put on this is 20% - thus, 80-120% is considered "bioequivalent.”
90 percentage confidence interval means that STATISTICALLY it is 90% certain that the results are equivalent.

To be "bioequivalent" two preparations or drugs need to give the same biological effect.
The usual "experimental error" put on this is 20% - thus, 80-120% is considered "bioequivalent.”
90 percentage confidence interval means that statistically it is 90% certain that the results are equivalent.

Some drugs bind extensively to plasma proteins (Warfarin binds 99%) whereas others have virtually no binding.
Extraction depends on the type of drug - there are DIFFERENT standard TECHNIQUES for acidic, basic, and NEUTRAL drugs - and, indeed, some drugs need specific extraction techniques.
It is important for you doing BIOEQUIVALENCE studies to know exactly the proportion of drug extracted but such CONTROLS are again specific for each drug and use specific marker compounds.

Some drugs bind extensively to plasma proteins (Warfarin binds 99%) whereas others have virtually no binding.
Extraction depends on the type of drug - there are different standard techniques for acidic, basic, and neutral drugs - and, indeed, some drugs need specific extraction techniques.
It is important for you doing bioequivalence studies to know exactly the proportion of drug extracted but such controls are again specific for each drug and use specific marker compounds.

Buprenorphine is what is referred to as a partial AGONIST - i.e. it binds to the RECEPTOR but EVEN at its maximum cannot give as much of an effect as a full agonist (such as morphine) - it is, thus, also a partial ANTAGONIST (partially inhibits the actions of full agonists).
As addiction is likely to be linked to strength of the effect of the DRUG, buprenorphine has less effect and, therefore, less addiction.

Buprenorphine is what is referred to as a partial agonist - i.e. it binds to the receptor but even at its maximum cannot give as much of an effect as a full agonist (such as morphine) - it is, thus, also a partial antagonist (partially inhibits the actions of full agonists).
As addiction is likely to be linked to strength of the effect of the drug, buprenorphine has less effect and, therefore, less addiction.

Phenoxyethanol is harmful and can be absorbed through the skin - OFFICIAL sites for toxicity data, HOWEVER, show little toxicity in man and some toxicity (IRRITATION) with high doses in animals. Phenoxyethanol is in COSMETICS as a BACTERICIDE (kills bacteria).

Phenoxyethanol is harmful and can be absorbed through the skin - official sites for toxicity data, however, show little toxicity in man and some toxicity (irritation) with high doses in animals. Phenoxyethanol is in cosmetics as a bactericide (kills bacteria).

The term "biomedical" COVERS a vast range of subjects - everything that relates biology to medicine. This can range from the OBVIOUS like Anatomy, Biochemistry, PHYSIOLOGY, Microbiology, PHARMACOLOGY, Genetics to the less obvious like Botany (most drugs were originally derived from plants and, thus, these is a big science CALLED Phytopharmacology).

The term "biomedical" covers a vast range of subjects - everything that relates biology to medicine. This can range from the obvious like Anatomy, Biochemistry, Physiology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Genetics to the less obvious like Botany (most drugs were originally derived from plants and, thus, these is a big science called Phytopharmacology).

There are a number of ways of estimating children's DOSES from preclinical (adult) data - often depends on the therapeutic index of the drug in question (the WIDER the therapeutic window the less ACCURATE the child's dose needs to be). Sometimes straight weight-basis i.e. 7kg child gets 1/10 dose of 70kg adult.
More accurate (so they say) is a dose based on body SURFACE area (child's surface area is greater in PROPORTION to its body weight than an adult is). There are normograms to calculate surface area from weight and height of child.
All of these may be wrong if clearance of drug in child is significantly different from adult e.g. different metabolism or different route of clearance.

There are a number of ways of estimating children's doses from preclinical (adult) data - often depends on the therapeutic index of the drug in question (the wider the therapeutic window the less accurate the child's dose needs to be). Sometimes straight weight-basis i.e. 7kg child gets 1/10 dose of 70kg adult.
More accurate (so they say) is a dose based on body surface area (child's surface area is greater in proportion to its body weight than an adult is). There are normograms to calculate surface area from weight and height of child.
All of these may be wrong if clearance of drug in child is significantly different from adult e.g. different metabolism or different route of clearance.