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The correct choice is (c) antibiotics

To explain: Genes coding for RESISTANCE to antibiotics are usually used as SELECTABLE markers. They are introduced in an ORGANISM especially bacteria ALONG with plasmid. They help in the identification of transformants.

Right option is (c) Selectable markers

To explain I would say: A selectable marker is a GENE that helps in identifying successful transformants. They eliminate the growth of non-transformants and FAVOR the growth of the DESIRED organism. It is one of the FEATURES which facilitate cloning in a vector.

The correct OPTION is (d) bacteriophages

Easiest EXPLANATION: Bacteriophages or simply phages are the viruses that infect bacteria. They are self-replicating in nature. Archaea is a domain of bacteria. pUC is a VECTOR.

The correct ANSWER is (B) origin of REPLICATION

The explanation: The sequence of DNA from where the replication starts is called the origin of replication. It is also written as ‘ORI’. It is also responsible for controlling the copy number of target DNA. BACTERIA usually have only one origin of replication.

Correct option is (b) palindrome

For explanation I would SAY: Palindromes are a group of letters that form the same words when read forward (left to right) or BACKWARD (right to left). For EXAMPLE: NAYAN, MALAYALAM, etc.

The CORRECT option is (d) gel ELECTROPHORESIS

To explain I would say: DNA is a charged molecule. When FRAGMENTED, it can be separated by the technique called gel electrophoresis. It is a technique in which the MOLECULES are separated BASED on the charge present on that molecule.

Right option is (C) Hind II

To EXPLAIN: Hind II was the first restriction endonuclease to be isolated and CHARACTERIZED. It cuts the DNA by recognizing a specific SEQUENCE of six base pairs. It was isolated from the bacteria CALLED Haemophilus influenzae.

The correct choice is (d) restriction endonucleases

To explain I would SAY: Restriction enzymes are also known as restriction endonucleases or restrictase. They are chemical knives (scissors) used in genetic ENGINEERING or recombinant DNA technology.

Correct OPTION is (b) recognition

To ELABORATE: RESTRICTION enzymes cleave the DNA at a SPECIFIC sequence known as recognition sequence. These sequences are highly specific for each ENZYME.

Correct option is (a) Escherichia COLI

The explanation: The RESTRICTION enzymes are molecular scissors that CLEAVE the DNA at SPECIFIC recognition sites. They were first isolated from Escherichia coli in the year 1963.

Correct choice is (B) BACILLUS subtilis

For explanation: The first recombinant DNA was constructed by linking a gene encoding ANTIBIOTIC resistance with a native plasmid of Salmonella typhimurium. This EXPERIMENT was successfully conducted by STANLEY Cohen and Herbert Boyer in 1972.

The correct answer is (a) CLONING

To elaborate: The TERM cloning means making MULTIPLE copies of the desired DNA template which are GENETICALLY identical. This process can be natural or artificial. The clone then replicates itself INSIDE the host body.

Correct option is (C) VECTOR

The best EXPLANATION: A vector is a DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially CARRY foreign genetic MATERIAL into another cell. Plasmid DNA is commonly used as a vector to insert the gene of interest in the desired organism.

Correct choice is (d) Plasmid

Explanation: Plasmid is typically a SMALL circular DNA STRAND in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. It is a genetic structure in a CELL that can replicate independently of the CHROMOSOMES. They are commonly used in recombinant DNA TECHNOLOGY.

The correct choice is (c) molecular scissors

To ELABORATE: Restriction enzymes are molecular scissors. They are ALSO known as restrictase. They are SHORT NUCLEOTIDE sequences that recognize the specific sites and cleave the DNA at or NEAR specific recognition sites within molecules.

The correct answer is (b) Origin of replication

To explain I would say: In a CHROMOSOME, there is a specific DNA sequence CALLED the origin of replication, which is responsible for initiating replication. DNA ligase is an enzyme which HELPS in joining of DNA. Termination sequences are the site at which DNA replication terminates while histones are the proteins AROUND which DNA is wound.

Correct ANSWER is (c) GENETIC ENGINEERING

For explanation: Traditional hybridization procedures lead to the inclusion and multiplication of undesirable genes along with the desired genes. The techniques of genetic engineering such as recombinant DNA, use of gene cloning and gene transfer OVERCOME the LIMITATION of traditional hybridization procedures.

The correct option is (c) Vaccine

The best I can EXPLAIN: Vaccine is a product of biotechnology. The maintenance microbial contamination-free environment is necessary for chemical engineering processes. This environment ENABLES the growth of the DESIRED organism only. Thus, PRODUCING the organism in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products like antibiotics, vaccines, ENZYMES, etc.

The correct answer is (d) genetic engineering and maintenance of a sterile environment

The best explanation: Genetic engineering and maintenance of a sterile environment are the two core TECHNIQUES that gave birth to modern biotechnology. Genetic engineering uses techniques to ALTER the chemistry of genetic material and exploit them. While maintenance of a sterile environment enables the growth of only the desired ORGANISMS in large quantities for the MANUFACTURE of biotechnological products.

Right choice is (b) TRADITIONAL biotechnology and Modern molecular biotechnology

To explain I would say: The EUROPEAN Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has given a DEFINITION of biotechnology that ENCOMPASSES both traditional view and modern molecular biotechnology. Traditional biotechnology is mainly based on fermentation technology using micro-organisms. Modern biotechnology is a COMBINATION of biology and production technology based on genetic engineering.

Right answer is (a) The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB)

The explanation: The European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) has given a DEFINITION of biotechnology as ‘The integration of natural SCIENCE and organisms, cells, PARTS thereof, and molecular analogues for products and SERVICES’.