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The correct answer is (b) 80%

The BEST I can EXPLAIN: BLOOD can be CLASSIFIED on the basis of several factors. Apart from the ABO blood grouping system, the Rh blood grouping is widely USED. Around 80% of people are Rh positive (Rh+ve).

The CORRECT choice is (a) Red bone marrow

To explain: Erythrocytes are also known as red blood cells or RBCs. In adults, erythrocytes are FORMED in the red bone marrow. They are formed from hematopoietic STEM cells VIA a process known as erythropoiesis.

The CORRECT choice is (d) Specialized connective TISSUE

Explanation: Blood is specialized FLUID connective tissue. It consists of PLASMA, a fluid matrix and the FORMED elements, which are the erythrocytes or red blood cells, leukocytes or white blood cells and thrombocytes or platelets.

Correct CHOICE is (C) Celiac disease

The explanation: Hypertension or high blood pressure, angina pectoris or acute chest pain and atherosclerosis or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) are examples OD heart disease. Celiac disease is a disease of the DIGESTIVE system.

Correct option is (a) True

Easy explanation: HYPERTENSION or high BLOOD pressure is when the blood pressure recorded is 140/90 MM Hg and above. It can affect vital organs such as the brain and KIDNEY. Hence, hypertension can cause kidney damage.

Correct option is (a) LUNG CONGESTION

The explanation: When the HEART is not PUMPING sufficient blood according to the needs of the body organs then it leads to heart FAILURE. Lung congestion is the main symptom of heart failure.

Right choice is (c) Three

Easy explanation: To measure a standard ECG, a PATIENT is CONNECTED to the machine with three electrical leads-one to each WRIST and one to the left ankle. It CONTINUOUSLY monitors heart activity.

Correct OPTION is (c) Atrio-ventricular septum

Best explanation: The AVN or the atrio-ventricular node is LOCATED in the lower left corner of the right atrium. It is situated CLOSE to the atrio-ventricular septum which separates the ATRIA and the VENTRICLES.

The correct choice is (b) Calcium IONS

Explanation: Calcium ions PLAY an important role in blood CLOTTING or coagulation as it is needed for the activation of VARIOUS clotting factors. It is required for the formation of the fibrin mesh NETWORK that covers the wound.

Right choice is (d) High ERYTHROCYTE count

Easy explanation: When a Rh-negative MOTHER produces antibodies to an antigen in the blood of a Rh-positive FETUS, it leads to a condition known as erythroblastosis FETALIS, which is characterized by jaundice, anemia and a swollen liver in the baby.

Right choice is (c) Fibrin

Easiest explanation: The NETWORK of threads or the mesh in a coagulum or clot is KNOWN as fibrin. It COVERS the wound and traps the DESTROYED formed elements of blood. Fibrin is the active form of FIBRINOGEN.

Correct option is (C) 45%

For explanation: 45% of blood CONTAINS the formed ELEMENTS while 55% of the blood is plasma. The formed elements are the erythrocytes or red blood cells, LEUKOCYTES or white blood cells and THROMBOCYTES or platelets.

Right CHOICE is (B) 20-25%

For explanation: LYMPHOCYTES constitute for about 20-25% of the total WBCS. These are of two major types-B and T forms. Both B and T lymphocytes are responsible for the immune responses of the BODY.

Right answer is (d) Lymph

Easiest explanation: Erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets are COLLECTIVELY CALLED as formed elements. They constitute nearly 45% of the blood. A reduction in these number can lead to NUMEROUS disorders.

The correct choice is (b) False

Best explanation: HEART is derived from the innermost GERM LAYER i.e., mesoderm. It is situated in the thoracic cavity, in between the TWO lungs and is slightly tilted to the left. Skin, nails, lens of the eye, the mouth are all derived from ectoderm.

The correct OPTION is (b) Impulse not reaching the AV node

To elaborate: When the impulse is not reaching the AV node then this is KNOWN as AV block. When the impulse is not reaching the Purkinje FIBERS then it is CALLED a Purkinje block.

Correct option is (C) The time duration between the closing of AV valves and opening of SEMILUNAR valves

Best explanation: The time duration between the closing of AV valves and the opening of semilunar valves is KNOWN as iso-volumetric SYSTOLE. The time duration between the closing of semilunar valves and the opening of AV valves is known as iso-volumetric diastole.

Right CHOICE is (a) 5000 ml

The explanation is: The average cardiac output of a HEALTHY adult is 5000ml or 5 liters. This means that if the heart rate is 72 beats per minute and the STROKE volume is 70ml, then around 5000ml of blood is pumped by each ventricle in one minute.

The correct choice is (C) SAN

The EXPLANATION: SAN or the sinoatrial NODE is auto excitable and is responsible for generating the action potential. This action potential is transmitted to the ventricles via the AVN, the AV bundle and the Bundle of His.

Right choice is (b) False

Best explanation: Two distinct heart SOUNDS are audible with the HELP of the STETHOSCOPE. The first heart sound occurs due to the simultaneous closure of the BICUSPID VALVE and the tricuspid valve. It is heard as a ‘lub’.

Right choice is (c) BLOOD from PULMONARY vein flows into the right atrium

Easy explanation: In the joint diastole STATE, all four chambers of the heart are relaxed. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open while the semilunar valves are closed. Blood from pulmonary vein flows into the LEFT ventricle.

Right answer is (c) SAN

To explain I would say: The sinoatrial node, ABBREVIATED SAN, is known as the PACEMAKER of the heart. It has the ABILITY to generate 70-75 action POTENTIALS per minute, which INITIATES the contractility of the heart muscles.

Right CHOICE is (a) Septum

For explanation I would say: The human heart is DIVIDED into FOUR chambers-two atria and two VENTRICLES. The septum separates the two atria of the heart. Another septum ALSO separates the two ventricles of the heart.

The correct OPTION is (a) Anti-A and anti-B

Best explanation: For people having ‘O’ blood GROUP, their RED blood cells do not have any surface antigens. However, the ANTIBODIES anti-A and anti-B are present in the PLASMA of people having this blood group.

Right choice is (d) Flow of blood from ATRIA to VENTRICLES

To elaborate: During ventricular systole or the contraction of the ventricles, the tricuspid and bicuspid VALVES close and the semilunar valves open. The atrial diastole occurs at the same TIME as the ventricular systole.

Correct choice is (C) 70 ml

Explanation: 72 CARDIAC cycles TAKE place in one minute. The duration of one cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds. During each cardiac cycle, each of the two ventricles pump 70 ml of blood, which is KNOWN as the stroke VOLUME.

Correct choice is (b) Two

For EXPLANATION: The circulatory pathways are of two major types-open circulatory SYSTEMS and CLOSED circulatory system. The closed circulatory system is considered to be more advantageous as the flow can be more precisely REGULATED.

Right choice is (a) Ischemia

The BEST explanation: The DEPRESSION of ST-segment shows Ischemia which MEANS there is an insufficient SUPPLY of BLOOD to the heart muscles or the weakening of the heart muscles.

Right answer is (a) P-wave

For explanation I would SAY: The P-wave represents the electrical EXCITATION of depolarisation of the atria which LEADS to the CONTRACTION of both the atria. The T-wave represents the repolarisation of the ventricles.

Right choice is (d) COLOURLESS

The explanation: LEUCOCYTES which are also known as white blood cells because they are colourless in nature as they lack haemoglobin. They are nucleated and are RELATIVELY lesser in NUMBER as compared to RBCS.

Correct ANSWER is (d) Congestion of the lungs

To explain I would SAY: Congestive heart failure is a heart disease which is CHARACTERIZED by the heart not being able to pump blood adequately enough to meet the requirements of the BODY. Congestion of the lungs is a main SYMPTOM of this disease.

Right option is (b) Atrio-ventricular septum

The best explanation: The ATRIUM and ventricle of the same side are separated by a thick FIBROUS tissue called the ATRIOVENTRICULAR septum. However, each of these septa is PROVIDED with an opening through which the two CHAMBERS of the same sides are connected.

Correct answer is (d) Skin

For EXPLANATION I WOULD say: Human circulatory system which is also called a blood vascular system consists of a muscular chambered HEART, a network of closed branching blood VESSELS and blood, the FLUID which is circulated.

Right OPTION is (C) Cardiac muscles

Easiest explanation: Cardiac muscles never show the PROPERTY of summation or tetanus spasm as the muscles have the longest refractory period. Cardiac muscles ALSO have the least latent period.

The correct choice is (d) 0.8 seconds

Explanation: We know that the HEART beats 70-75 times per MINUTE. It beats APPROXIMATELY 72 times per minute. Hence, 72 CARDIAC cycles take place in one minute. Therefore, the duration of one cardiac cycle is 0.8 seconds.

The correct choice is (a) FISHES

To ELABORATE: In fishes, the heart PUMPS out DEOXYGENATED blood which is OXYGENATED by the gills and is supplied to the body parts where deoxygenated blood is returned to the heart. This type of circulation is known as single circulation.

Correct option is (C) Tricuspid valve

The best I can EXPLAIN: The atrio-ventricular SEPTUM separates the atria and the VENTRICLES. HOWEVER, to permit the flow of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle, there is an opening known as the tricuspid valve.

Right ANSWER is (b) Phosphorus

For explanation I would SAY: In CAD (Coronary Artery Disease), the lumens of the coronary arteries, which supply BLOOD to the heart muscles, becomes narrow. This happens due to the deposition of CHOLESTEROL, FIBROUS tissue and calcium.

The correct answer is (c) The tricuspid and BICUSPID valves open

To explain I would say: The ventricular pressure decreases during the ventricular diastole or when the ventricles RELAX. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves open to ALLOW blood to flow from the ATRIA to the ventricles.

Right answer is (d) Lungs

Easy explanation: The VASCULAR system or the human CIRCULATORY system consists of the HEART, the blood vessels-the ARTERIES, the veins and the capillaries, and the specialized fluid connective TISSUE, blood. The lungs are a part of the respiratory system.

Right choice is (a) True

For explanation: During the process of blood clotting or coagulation, a network or mesh of fibrin is formed over the WOUND. This TRAPS the destroyed formed ELEMENTS, which are the RBCs, WBCs and the PLATELETS.

Correct OPTION is (C) Placenta

For explanation: The placenta prevents the mixing of the blood of the FETUS with the blood of the mother. The placenta provides oxygen and NUTRIENTS to the fetus and removes carbon dioxide and waste products.

Right option is (C) O

The explanation is: People having the BLOOD group ‘O’ are said to be universal donors. This is because they lack antigens on the SURFACE of their RBCs and hence, their blood can be USED to carry out blood TRANSFUSIONS.

Correct OPTION is (c) Angina pectoris

Easiest explanation: ACUTE chest pain is also known as angina or angina pectoris. It OCCURS when an adequate amount of OXYGEN does not reach the heart. Hence, the heart muscles cannot function properly and this CAUSES chest pain.