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Right OPTION is (d) Electrocardiogram

Best EXPLANATION: ECG stands for Electrocardiogram. ECG is a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart during a cardiac cycle. It is measured with the HELP of a machine CALLED an ELECTROCARDIOGRAPH.

The correct option is (a) ENLARGEMENT of P-wave

The explanation: Enlargement of AURICLES is represented by the enlargement of P-wave or SOMETIMES the LENGTHENING of PQ interval also represents the enlargement of auricles by rheumatic FEVER.

The correct answer is (d) Thin, inter-atrial SEPTUM

Explanation: A thin, muscular wall called as the inter-atrial septum SEPARATES the RIGHT and the left atria, WHEREAS a thick-walled, inter-ventricular septum separates the left and the right VENTRICLES.

Correct option is (B) QRS complex

Easiest explanation: By counting the number of QRS complexes that OCCUR in a given period, one can determine the heartbeat rate of an individual. Any deviation from the shapes of the CURVE indicates a possible abnormality or a DISEASE. Hence, it is of great clinical significance.

The correct ANSWER is (d) Trypsinogen

To elaborate: The activities of VARIOUS enzymes MAKE blood coagulation possible. Thrombokinase, an ENZYME complex, FIBRIN, a mesh covering the wound, and thrombin are involved in blood coagulation.

Correct choice is (a) THROMBIN

For explanation I WOULD say: The inactive fibrinogen is CONVERTED into its active form, fibrin, with the help of the enzyme thrombin. Thrombin is the active form of PROTHROMBIN, which is present in the blood PLASMA.

Correct answer is (c) Destruction of RBCs

For explanation: A SUCCESSFUL blood transfusion takes PLACE only when the blood groups of the DONOR and the recipient are compatible. When the blood groups are not compatible, it results in the destruction of RBCs.

The CORRECT choice is (d) O

The best explanation: In the ABO blood grouping SYSTEM, the blood group is determined by antigenic determinants PRESENT on the surface of the RED blood cell. ‘O’ blood group does not have any surface antigen.

Correct choice is (b) Reptiles

The explanation is: In amphibians and reptiles, the LEFT ATRIUM receives oxygenated blood from the gills/lungs/skin and the right atrium gets deoxygenated blood from other body parts. HOWEVER, they get mixed up in the SINGLE ventricle which pumps out mixed blood and is therefore known as incomplete double circulation.

The correct CHOICE is (c) Four

For EXPLANATION I would say: All vertebrates possess a muscular chambered heart. Amphibians and the reptiles (EXCEPT CROCODILES) have a three-chambered heart while crocodiles, birds and mammals possess a four-chambered heart.

The CORRECT choice is (a) True

The explanation is: The NODAL musculature of the heart possesses the ability to produce action potentials on their own, without receiving INPUTS from nerve cells. Hence, the nodal musculature of the heart is AUTO excitable.

The CORRECT choice is (c) 6000-8000

For explanation: The formed elements of blood are the erythrocytes or red blood CELLS, leukocytes or white blood cells and thrombocytes or PLATELETS. the average number of leukocytes PER cubic MM of blood is 6000-8000.

Right choice is (d) 12-16g

The EXPLANATION is: Hemoglobin is a complex iron CONTAINING protein PRESENT in erythrocytes or red blood cells. It is red in color and HENCE, gives erythrocytes its red color. 12-16g of hemoglobin is present in 100ml of blood.

Right option is (c) 120 days

The EXPLANATION: RBCs have an average life span of about 120 days after which they are destroyed in the spleen which is also known as the graveyard of RBCs. These MOLECULES PLAY a SIGNIFICANT role in the transport of gases.

Right answer is (c) 6-8%

Easiest explanation: Plasma, which is an element of blood, CONSTITUTES 55% of it. Plasma is STRAW COLORED and a viscous fluid. 6-8% of plasma is made up of proteins while 90-92 per cent of plasma is made up of WATER.

The CORRECT answer is (c) Atherosclerosis

The explanation: CAD or CORONARY Artery Disease is ALSO known as atherosclerosis. It occurs in the coronary ARTERIES, which SUPPLY blood to the heart muscles. It leads to the narrowing of the arteria lumens.

The correct answer is (b) Two

Best explanation: Heart is PROTECTED by a double-walled membranous bag, pericardium, ENCLOSING the PERICARDIAL fluid which acts as a SHOCK absorber. Our heart consists of FOUR chambers.

Correct choice is (d) Reptiles

To explain: In CROCODILES, birds and mammals, oxygenated and deoxygenated BLOOD is received by the left and RIGHT atrium respectively. The ventricles pump it out without any mixing up, i.e., two separate circulatory PATHWAYS, HENCE these animals have double circulation.

Right answer is (c) Stroke volume × heart rate

The best I can explain: Cardiac output is the product of the stroke volume and the heart rate. It is the TOTAL AMOUNT of blood pumped by each ventricle PER minute. The average cardiac output of a healthy ADULT is 5000ml.

The CORRECT answer is (c) Heart

For explanation I WOULD say: The muscular heart is located in the thoracic cavity of the body. It is located on the ventral side of the body. The STOMACH, the KIDNEYS and the ovaries are located below the heart and the lungs.

The correct answer is (b) MEGAKARYOCYTES

To explain I would say: THROMBOCYTES or blood platelets are formed from megakaryocytes, which are SPECIAL CELLS present in the BONE marrow. Thrombocytes are cell fragments which are involved in the clotting of blood.

Right answer is (c) Ghrelin

The explanation: Basophils are a type of white BLOOD CELL or leukocyte. They constitute 0.5-1% of the total NUMBER of white blood CELLS. They participate in inflammatory reactions and secrete HISTAMINE, serotonin and heparin.

The CORRECT choice is (c) Monocytes

Best explanation: Monocytes and NEUTROPHILS are phagocytic WHITE blood cells or leukocytes. These cells engulf and DESTROY foreign particles and various PATHOGENIC organisms by the process of phagocytosis.

The correct choice is (b) False

The BEST EXPLANATION: Leukocytes or white blood cells are of two types- granulocytes and AGRANULOCYTES. Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are the granulocytes while monocytes and LYMPHOCYTES are agranulocytes.

The correct ANSWER is (b) Eosinophils

The best I can explain: Eosinophils resist INFECTIONS and are also associated with allergic reactions. Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytic cells which destroy foreign organisms ENTERING the body.

Right answer is (a) Atherosclerosis

Explanation: Atherosclerosis or CORONARY Artery DISEASE (CAD) leads to the narrowing of the lumen of ARTERIES. This occurs DUE to the deposition of cholesterol, fibrous tissue and calcium in the coronary arteries.

The CORRECT ANSWER is (a) The left atrium and left ventricle

To explain I would say: A BICUSPID or mitral VALVE guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle. The opening between the right atrium and right ventricle is guarded by a tricuspid valve.

Correct answer is (a) Atrial diastole

Best explanation: The relaxation of the atria or the atrial diastole coincides with the CONTRACTION of the ventricles or the ventricular SYSTOLE. The RIGHT and LEFT semilunar VALVES open up due to the increase in pressure in the ventricles.

Right choice is (a) Eosinophils

To explain: Eosinophils are associated with allergic reactions. They constitute 2-3% of the TOTAL NUMBER of white blood cells. They RESIST infections. They also have anti-parasitic and bactericidal ACTIVITY.

Correct option is (c) Megakaryocytes

To EXPLAIN: Platelets are also called thrombocytes which are the cell FRAGMENTS PRODUCED from megakaryocytes which are the SPECIAL cells in the bone MARROW.

The correct answer is (a) NEUTROPHILS

The BEST explanation: Neutrophils are the most abundant CELLS of the total WBCs as they constitute about 60-65 PER cent of the total. Basophils are the least amongst as they constitute only 0.5-1 per cent of the total WBCs.

The correct option is (d) The connection between the alimentary CANAL and the liver

For explanation I would say: A unique vascular connection exists between the digestive TRACT and the liver which is CALLED a hepatic portal system. The hepatic portal vein carries blood from INTESTINE to the liver before it is DELIVERED to the systemic circulation.

The correct choice is (C) In the plasma

The best I can explain: Prothrombin is present in the plasma of blood. Prothrombin is the inactive FORM of thrombin. Thrombin is the enzyme that CONVERTS the inactive fibrinogen to FIBRIN, which is a mesh that covers WOUNDS.

Right choice is (a) True

Best explanation: Angina pectoris is a symptom of myocardial infarction. Due to the weakening of HEART MUSCLES, the heart is not able to SUPPLY enough blood which causes severe pain called angina pectoris. If left untreated, tissues would be dead and that will cause myocardial infarction or ACUTE heart ATTACK.

The correct CHOICE is (a) RH antibodies are FORMED in the mother

To explain: When a Rh-negative mother bears a Rh-positive child, the placenta PREVENTS the mixing of their blood. If their bloods COME in contact with each other, Rh antibodies are formed in the mother.

Correct option is (d) 55%

Best EXPLANATION: Plasma constitutes NEARLY 55% of the BLOOD. 90-92% of plasma is WATER and proteins contribute 6-8 per cent of it. Fibrinogens, albumins and globulins are the MAJOR proteins.

Right choice is (c) Pericardium

To elaborate: The heart is a part of the circulatory SYSTEM along with the blood VESSELS and blood. The covering of the heart is a double layered structure KNOWN as pericardium which CONTAINS PERICARDIAL fluid.

The correct answer is (c) Fibroblast

For explanation I would say: Fibroblast are special cells which are RESPONSIBLE for the formation of fibres in the AREOLAR tissue which is a type of connective tissue. Blood is a special type of connective tissue which consists of a FLUID MATRIX, plasma and formed elements.

The CORRECT choice is (C) 140/90 mm Hg

To elaborate: The normal blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury pressure). Hypertension is also KNOWN as high blood pressure as the systolic and diastolic PRESSURES increase to 140/90 mm Hg.

Correct CHOICE is (B) SERUM

The best I can explain: Plasma without the clotting FACTORS is KNOWN as serum. Factors for coagulation or clotting of blood are also present in the plasma in an inactive form.

Correct ANSWER is (c) HEART

Easy EXPLANATION: All the activities of the heart are regulated by specialised muscles or the nodal tissue which is present in the upper corner of right atrium. This type of heart which is auto-regulated by itself is known as myogenic heart.

Correct CHOICE is (c) QRS COMPLEX

Explanation: The QRS complex represents the depolarisation of the ventricles, which initiate the ventricular contraction. The contraction STARTS shortly after Q and marks the beginning of the systole.