Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

LIKE adult AMPHIBIANS, BRYOPHYTES LIVE in the terrestrial environment but DEPEND on water to reproduce. For this reason, the nickname is justified.

Like adult amphibians, bryophytes live in the terrestrial environment but depend on water to reproduce. For this reason, the nickname is justified.

In general, the BRYOPHYTE sporophyte is a LONG, tiny stem that grows on the top of the GAMETOPHYTE. The sporophyte DEPENDS COMPLELETY on the gametophyte to obtain nutrients.

In general, the bryophyte sporophyte is a long, tiny stem that grows on the top of the gametophyte. The sporophyte depends complelety on the gametophyte to obtain nutrients.

As in all plants, the life cycle of bryophytes is diplobiontic (the alternation of GENERATIONS). In bryophytes, the LASTING form is the HAPLOID ONE.

As in all plants, the life cycle of bryophytes is diplobiontic (the alternation of generations). In bryophytes, the lasting form is the haploid one.

In bryophytes, there are no water-conducting or nutrient-conducting structures and the transport of these substances is carried out VIA cell to cell diffusion. The small size of bryophytes relates to this feature because if there are no conducting vessels, it is not possible for cells to be too FAR apart from each other (the EMERGENCE of conducting TISSUES in TRACHEOPHYTES allowed their increase in size).

In bryophytes, there are no water-conducting or nutrient-conducting structures and the transport of these substances is carried out via cell to cell diffusion. The small size of bryophytes relates to this feature because if there are no conducting vessels, it is not possible for cells to be too far apart from each other (the emergence of conducting tissues in tracheophytes allowed their increase in size).

The main GROUPS of BRYOPHYTES are MOSSES, LIVERWORTS and hornworts. 

The main groups of bryophytes are mosses, liverworts and hornworts. 

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants, meaning that they do not have conducting TISSUES and carry out the transport of water and nutrients via diffusion. They are cryptogamic, or rather, they do not present flowers or seeds; they are small in size; they present water-dependent fertilization; in their life cycle, the LASTING FORM is haploid (the gametophyte) and the SPOROPHYTE depends on the gametophyte to survive.

Bryophytes are nonvascular plants, meaning that they do not have conducting tissues and carry out the transport of water and nutrients via diffusion. They are cryptogamic, or rather, they do not present flowers or seeds; they are small in size; they present water-dependent fertilization; in their life cycle, the lasting form is haploid (the gametophyte) and the sporophyte depends on the gametophyte to survive.

Cells of the epiphragm dry up during dry conditions. It separates the operculum. The calyptra FALLS. Epiphragm also dries up between the peristome pores. The central tissue of theca region except the SPORES degenerates. Thus the spores LIE free in the centre of the capsule at maturity. Spores come out through pores. They are dispersed by WIND.

Cells of the epiphragm dry up during dry conditions. It separates the operculum. The calyptra falls. Epiphragm also dries up between the peristome pores. The central tissue of theca region except the spores degenerates. Thus the spores lie free in the centre of the capsule at maturity. Spores come out through pores. They are dispersed by wind.

PERISTOME is present in the form of a thick rim. It BEARS a number of RIGID teeth. The epiphragm fills the space INSIDE the RING of peristome teeth and is attached to their tips. Peristome teeth arise from the rim or diaphragm.

Peristome is present in the form of a thick rim. It bears a number of rigid teeth. The epiphragm fills the space inside the ring of peristome teeth and is attached to their tips. Peristome teeth arise from the rim or diaphragm.

The flask-shaped ARCHEGONIA are borne at the apices of leafy stems. Archegonium is surrounded by perichaerial leaves. These leaves OVERLAP to form a closed bud-like structure. The archegonia occur in CLUSTER of 3 to 6.

The flask-shaped archegonia are borne at the apices of leafy stems. Archegonium is surrounded by perichaerial leaves. These leaves overlap to form a closed bud-like structure. The archegonia occur in cluster of 3 to 6.

Leaves have broad BASES. Leaves in the upper portion are green. But the lower ones are brown. Each leaf has a broad, colourless sheathing leaf base and narrow DISTAL limb. The mid-rib forms the major part of the leaf. These leaves POSSESS extra photosynthetic TISSUE in the form of closely set vertical plates of green cells. 

These are known as LAMELLAE. Green lamellae act as additional photosynthetic tissue.

Leaves have broad bases. Leaves in the upper portion are green. But the lower ones are brown. Each leaf has a broad, colourless sheathing leaf base and narrow distal limb. The mid-rib forms the major part of the leaf. These leaves possess extra photosynthetic tissue in the form of closely set vertical plates of green cells. 

These are known as lamellae. Green lamellae act as additional photosynthetic tissue.

It is horizontal portion and GROWS UNDERGROUND. It BEARS THREE rows of small BROWN or colourless leaves. It also bears rhizoids. The cells are rich in protoplasm and oil globules.

It is horizontal portion and grows underground. It bears three rows of small brown or colourless leaves. It also bears rhizoids. The cells are rich in protoplasm and oil globules.

The neck canal cells and the venter canal cells of MATURE archegonia degenerate. They FORM mucilage-like substance. It EXERTS pressure and BURST the cover cells. 

The mucilaginous fluid oozes out of ruptured neck and attracts the sperms. A large number of sperms collect near the neck. But only one of them passes down and fuses with the EGG to form the oospore.

The neck canal cells and the venter canal cells of mature archegonia degenerate. They form mucilage-like substance. It exerts pressure and burst the cover cells. 

The mucilaginous fluid oozes out of ruptured neck and attracts the sperms. A large number of sperms collect near the neck. But only one of them passes down and fuses with the egg to form the oospore.

These are MODIFIED SPECIAL underground BRANCHES. These are formed at the end of growing season. They remain DORMANT throughout the unfavourable CONDITIONS.

These are modified special underground branches. These are formed at the end of growing season. They remain dormant throughout the unfavourable conditions.

The superficial cells of the STEM give rise to PARAPHYLLS. Paraphylls are filamentous outgrowths. They SUPPLEMENT the photosynthetic ACTIVITIES of leaves.

The superficial cells of the stem give rise to paraphylls. Paraphylls are filamentous outgrowths. They supplement the photosynthetic activities of leaves.

CERTAIN cells of the SPOROPHYTE can DEVELOP into gametophytes DIRECTLY under certain conditions. This phenomenon is called APOSPORY. It produces diploid gametophyte. Apospory occur in Anthoceros.

Certain cells of the sporophyte can develop into gametophytes directly under certain conditions. This phenomenon is called apospory. It produces diploid gametophyte. Apospory occur in Anthoceros.

The cells of the ENDOTHECIUM DIVIDE to form columella. The cells of the columella are arranged in a square in the transverse section. Cells of the amphithecium divide to produce an outer layer of jacket initials and an inner layer of sporogenous TISSUE or ARCHESPORIUM.

The cells of the endothecium divide to form columella. The cells of the columella are arranged in a square in the transverse section. Cells of the amphithecium divide to produce an outer layer of jacket initials and an inner layer of sporogenous tissue or archesporium.

GEMMAE are also produced on short stalks on the UPPER SURFACE of the thallus. These are also act as VEGETATIVE reproductive BODIES.

Gemmae are also produced on short stalks on the upper surface of the thallus. These are also act as vegetative reproductive bodies.

The growth occurs by SINGLE apical cell in initial STAGES. But mature plants have several SCATTERED apical CELLS on the margin. So growth takes PLACE at many points. It forms rosette like thallus.

The growth occurs by single apical cell in initial stages. But mature plants have several scattered apical cells on the margin. So growth takes place at many points. It forms rosette like thallus.

ANTHOCEROS grows on moist soil. They are present in SHADY places or in the crevices of ROCKS. Anthocero.s. erecrus, A. himahrvensis, and A. chumbensis are COMMONLY found in Western Himalayas.

Anthoceros grows on moist soil. They are present in shady places or in the crevices of rocks. Anthocero.s. erecrus, A. himahrvensis, and A. chumbensis are commonly found in Western Himalayas.

According to this THEORY, the SPOROPHYTE is not a new STRUCTURE. It is produced as a result of the direct modification of the gametophyte. THUS sporophyte was a part of gametophyte.

According to this theory, the sporophyte is not a new structure. It is produced as a result of the direct modification of the gametophyte. Thus sporophyte was a part of gametophyte.

The SPOROPHYTE of Pteridophytes is independent. It has root, stem and leases. But the sporophytes of BRYOPHYTES are dependent on GAMETOPHYTE. Vascular tissues are present in Pteridophytes but absent in Bryophytes.

The sporophyte of Pteridophytes is independent. It has root, stem and leases. But the sporophytes of bryophytes are dependent on gametophyte. Vascular tissues are present in Pteridophytes but absent in Bryophytes.

FIC ROOTLESS SPOROPHYTE of PSILOPSIDA resembles sporangium of Iryophytes. Both have terminal sporangia.

Fic rootless sporophyte of Psilopsida resembles sporangium of Iryophytes. Both have terminal sporangia.

Algae are AQUATIC but bryophytes are terrestrial plants. PLANT of algae is unicellular or SIMPLE multicellular in algae. But the plant body of bryophytes is multicellular and it forms TISSUES.

Algae are aquatic but bryophytes are terrestrial plants. Plant of algae is unicellular or simple multicellular in algae. But the plant body of bryophytes is multicellular and it forms tissues.

Some ALGAE and all bryophytes SHOW ALTERNATION of GENERATION. Gametophyte is dominant in both groups. Both produces flagellated male antherozoid.

Some algae and all bryophytes show alternation of generation. Gametophyte is dominant in both groups. Both produces flagellated male antherozoid.

Regular heteromorphic alternation of GENERATION occurs in BRYOPHYTES. The gametophyte produces haploid gametes. After fertilization the oospore gives rise to diplopod sporophyte.

The sporophyte produces the spores by meiosis. The spores GIVE rise to the gametophyte. Thus both sporophyte and gametophyte generations alternate with each other regularly.

Regular heteromorphic alternation of generation occurs in bryophytes. The gametophyte produces haploid gametes. After fertilization the oospore gives rise to diplopod sporophyte.

The sporophyte produces the spores by meiosis. The spores give rise to the gametophyte. Thus both sporophyte and gametophyte generations alternate with each other regularly.

VEGETATIVE reproduction is COMMON in Bryophytes. It occurs during favourable growing season. Vegetative reproduction occurs only in the gametophytic STAGE. It takes place by the parts of the vegetative plant or by the PRODUCTION of special vegetative propagules.

Vegetative reproduction is common in Bryophytes. It occurs during favourable growing season. Vegetative reproduction occurs only in the gametophytic stage. It takes place by the parts of the vegetative plant or by the production of special vegetative propagules.

Sporophyte is totally or partially dependent on the GAMETOPHYTE for its NOURISHMENT. It has simple structure. It is differentiated into foot, SETA and capsule. The CELLS of the sporophyte are diploid.

Sporophyte is totally or partially dependent on the gametophyte for its nourishment. It has simple structure. It is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule. The cells of the sporophyte are diploid.

BRYOPHYTES are TERRESTRIAL plants. They mostly grow in moist and cold habitats. Some species can grow in dry places. But they DEPEND on moisture for the reproductive stage. Bryophytes have world wide in DISTRIBUTION. They are found in TROPICAL, temperate, subarctic and arctic regions.

Bryophytes are terrestrial plants. They mostly grow in moist and cold habitats. Some species can grow in dry places. But they depend on moisture for the reproductive stage. Bryophytes have world wide in distribution. They are found in tropical, temperate, subarctic and arctic regions.

Bryophytes.

Bryophytes.

In some bryophytes, male and female sex organs are bone on SEPARATE gametophytes. These are SAID to be dioecins.

In some bryophytes, male and female sex organs are bone on separate gametophytes. These are said to be dioecins.

They act like a sponage RETAINING and SLOWLY RELEASING water.

They act like a sponage retaining and slowly releasing water.

They have no lingnin, USUALLY are SMALL, LOW - lying, MOISTURE loving parts. They have no roots, only FILAMENTOUS rhizoids. 

They have no lingnin, usually are small, low - lying, moisture loving parts. They have no roots, only filamentous rhizoids. 

Water

Water

MOSSES, LIVERWORTS and HORNWORTS.

Mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

They are a GROUP of bryophytes, or NON - VASCULAR PLANTS, comprising the division anthocerotophyta.

They are a group of bryophytes, or non - vascular plants, comprising the division anthocerotophyta.

They are a DIVISION of bryophyte plants commonly REFERRED to as hepatics or liverworts.

They are a division of bryophyte plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts.

APPROXIMATELY 12,000 SPECIES. 

Approximately 12,000 species. 

Any MOSS like PLANT belonging to the FAMILY ‘ hepaticae ’, but DIFFERING from TRUE mosses.

Any moss like plant belonging to the family ‘ hepaticae ’, but differing from true mosses.

“ AMPHIBIANS of the PLANTS KINGDOM ”.

“ Amphibians of the plants kingdom ”.

GREEN ALGAL ANCESTORS.

Green algal ancestors.

Mosses

Mosses

SPORES. 

Spores. 

They are LIVERWORTS, HORNWORTS and MOSSES.

They are liverworts, hornworts and mosses.

These are MULTICELLULAR and NON - pigmented.

These are multicellular and non - pigmented.

Mosses

Mosses

Moss

Moss

ARCHEGONIA 

Archegonia 

GAMETOPHYTIC and SPOROPHYTIC.

Gametophytic and Sporophytic.

LIVERWORTS and MOSSES.

Liverworts and mosses.