Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The out science and technology of taking reliable measurements on photographs about physical objects and the environment is known as photogrammetry. These measurements are obtained by interpreting photographic images.

These maps denote the distribution of human beings over an area, the density, sex ratio, literacy etc of a country.

They are the imaginary lines joining all the places which are of the same height above the sea level.

These are point’s represents different directions on north south and east.

• Maps are very useful to the government for planning and administrative purposes. 
• Maps are essential to a geographer, to present spatial information systematically. 
• They are useful to locate lakes, rivers, vegetation, coastal features and also to understand the distribution of soils, minerals, crops, population, tourist places. 
• They are very much helpful at the time of war and defence. 
• Maps are very important for the army. Military maps are very useful for the overall planning of the strategy of war and for coordinating military action during war. 
• Maps are very useful tools for a geographer. Geography cannot be understood and made interesting without maps. 
• Maps are also immensely useful to other sciences, like physical and social sciences. For example Geology, climatology, Meteorology etc. 
• Maps serve as a permanent record to locate features like rivers, lakes vegetation etc. 
• Maps enable us to know details of the landforms and other ground features. Mountains, plateaus, plains, coastal plains etc. 
• Maps serve as a permanent record to locate features like rivers, lakes, vegetations etc. 
• Maps showing the distribution of objects become very useful to understand the location and distribution of different objects such as minerals, soils, vegetation, agricultural crops, industries, population, etc. 
• Maps help to mark political boundary, administrative areas to formulate legislation and legal jurisdiction.

The maps which are prepared to show the various cultural patterns designed over the earth’s surface are called cultural maps.

These maps show the natural phenomena such as relief, climate, vegetation; soils etc. are known as physical maps.

The features show on a map is indicated by a guide called map index.

A scale is the ratio of the distance between two points on the map and their corresponding distance on the ground.

Title, Scale, Direction are essential features of a Map.

A map is defined as a symbolical and conventional representation of the earth or a portion f it drawn to scale on a flat surface and bounded by the geographical coordinates as viewed from above. 

The science and art of making maps, charts, globes and rile models is known as Cartography.

Maps are essential to a geographer, to present spatial information systematically. They are useful to locate lakes, rivers, vegetation, coastal features and also to understand the distribution of soils, minerals, crops, population, tourist places.

Such slopes are alternately marked by outward bulges and inward bends. Hence contours are spaced irregularly.

There is no change in the degree of slope such slopes may be steep or gentle are known as uniform slopes.

These maps show the heavenly bodies such as stars, planets, satellites, nebulae etc.

The map which show the distribution of various types of soils in a particular region and help in agricultural planning. 

They are also known as orographic maps they show the surface features of a given region. 

For example: Mountain, plains, plateaus, valleys, hills etc. 

Maps may be broadly divided into two types. 

A. On the basis of Scale Maps are classified into three types.

(a) Large Scale Maps: The Maps drawn on the scale of 1 cm= 1 km or 1:1, 00,000 and 1 inch=1 mile or 1:63,360 eg. Cadastral maps (Village, Town and City maps).

(b) Medium Scale Maps: the Maps drawn on the scale of 1 cnm=1 Km to 1 cm=10 km or 1:1,00,000 and 1:10,00,000 eg. Topographical Maps (Mountains, Plateaus, plains). 

(c) Small Scale maps: The Maps drawn on the scale below 1 cm: 15Km or 1:15,00,000 eg. Atlas and Wall Maps. These maps show broad physical and cultural features.

B. On the basis of purpose various types of Maps are prepared.

(i) Topographical maps: To show relief features, forests, land use, river system, roads, railways, pipelines, distribution of rural and urban settlements etc.

(ii) Cadastral maps: The Cadastral maps are drawn to register the ownership of field, farm, building, firm etc. 

(iii) Economic Maps: These maps provide information about human economic activities eg. Agriculture, mining, industry, marketing, trade etc. 

(iv) Population Maps: These maps show the information about distribution, growth, density, migration, age and sex composition of population. These maps are also drawn to show the distribution of occupational structure, language, social groups of people etc.

(v) Weather Maps: These are useful to analyzed weather condition and distribution of temperature, pressure, humidity, winds, rainfall etc.

The diagrammatic representation of a statistical map where purposeful distortion is sought to high! lit the distribution pattern of a particular spatial element. It may be termed as a cartographic cartoon.

Maps represent the earth or a part of it. So its is essential to know the location of a place on the globe. The latitudes and longitudes are highly useful in under standing the location.

The distribution maps, where the dot method is applied to show the distribution of economic phenomena e.g. population, agricultural crops, industries etc. Dots of uniform size are used where each dot represents a certain number or quantity.

Maps represent the earth’s surface based on a particular ratio called the scale. So the distance between any two points on the globe can be easily any two points on the globe can be easily calculated.

There are several simple methods for distance calculations on the maps.

a. By a strip of paper: With the help of a strip of paper we can take the distance of two point on the map and put it on the scale. With this method one can understand the actual distance between the points.

b. By Thread: When the distance between the two places is Jig-jag a thread can be used effectively for the measurement of distance. After taking the distance with the

c. By divider: Even a divider can be used for the measurement of distance on the map. The distance between any two points on the map may be taken with-the divider and then put it on the sale. So the actual distance can be understood and it is converted to the scale of other map.

These are the maps which are prepared to show the political boundaries between different countries or states or between different political units of a country. Capital cities and other important towns, railways and highways are also shown on these maps.

Map reading means getting the correct visual image of the features shown on a map.

This is a modified polyconic projection. Following the decision of International Map Committee held in 1909, the projection was introduced for the topographical maps of the whole world on a scale of 1,000,000 in preference to polyconic projections.

They show the weather conditions at fixed time. Average atmospheric pressure, wind velocity and direction, cloudiness, rainfall, drizzle; know fall, sea conditions and other weather phenomena are shown on these maps. These maps are published daily by the meteorological department.

i.e. Indian Daily Weather Report. 

Map reading refers to getting the correct visual image of the features shown on a map. It plays an important role in the study of maps. The objective of map reading is to provide a clear and an accurate visualization of the features on the ground. Skills required to an efficient map reader:

1. Map legends: Map reader should have the skill to read the map legend, i.e. the explanations of the symbols and colours on a map, to find out exactly what the symbols represent. 

For example: triangular shaped symbols may stand for a forest or an orchard, many symbols may stand for a forest or an orchard. Many symbols have no resemblance to what they represent. Example: triangular sign stands for well. The some symbol may be used to show different features in different maps.

2. Map scale: Map scale is an important element or aspect of a map. So, the map reader should make use of the scale intelligently to find out the extent of an area, the distance between various points etc. Many maps show scale by marking distances on a graphical scale. Each marking represents a certain number of kins or miles. Scale may be expressed by representative fraction (RF) scales are usually found at the bottom of the map.

3. Map index: The features shown on a map are indicated by a guide called map index. It helps to locate places on a map. So, the map reader should use the map index to locate the places. Usually in Atlases, index is given at the end of the Atlas. Each entry in the index is listed with its longitude and latitude.

4. Geographical grids: The network of lines crossing each other at right angles is known as Geographical grid or references. These help map reader to find the location, distance and direction of places. The latitudes and longitudes torrid system is commonly used for the above mentioned purpose. The network of these imaginary lines is known as Gratitude.