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Correct option is (a) Sri Gupta

(b) their preference was on giving the land to local farmers for tilling

(a) Division of Gupta Administrations: 

• During the Gupta period, the king was the center of administration. The Prince, Amatya (ministers), and advisors helped him. Many times, the prince was appointed as viceroy who looked after the provincial administration. 
• Every province was subdivisions These subdivisions were called Vishaya There was an independent administrator appointed to these Visayas. They were known as ‘Vishayapath’. ‘
• Kumaramatya’ were the provincial officers and ‘Ayuktak’ were the officials who looked after the affairs of the districts. 
• Gupta’s administration was decentralized. Many decisions were taken.

(b) Changes in the economic structure, economy of agriculture: 

• The economic structure of the agricultural system was changed by the Gupta kings. 
• They preferred giving land to local farmers for tilling. Land donations were also made for the cause of religion and learning. These lands were tax-free. 
• They were called Agraharas 
• The civil and military officers were granted land grants instead of salaries. Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land. 

The power was concentrated on the local landlord

Sugarcane and wheat were cultivated in the northwest province of the Gupta empire while the rice was cultivated in Magadha and eastern regions.

(c) Development of Gupta Coinage:

• Gold Smiths enjoyed a high social status in this period. 
• The gold coins are excellent examples of their skills. 
• The beautiful and realistic portrayal of various aspects of the king is the characteristic of Gupta Coins.

1. Durlabhavardhan

2. Owl

(a) political stability

• Kujula Khadphises declared himself as the king of Bactria and with this the Kushana rule was established up to Kabul, Kashmir. 
• The Chinese records, Greek and Roman literature provide information about this. 
• The Kushanas’ are referred to as ‘Tukhar’ or ‘Tushar’. The Kushanas followed the system of Shakas and established their Satrapi’s there. A military officer called ‘Satrapa (Kshatrapa) was appointed. 
• The king was the chief of all the Satrapi’s. The kings adopted titles like ‘Rajadhiraj’, ‘Maharaj’ etc. 
• The concept of the divinity of the kings is seen for the first time in the inscription on the Kushana coins. 
• They called themselves ‘Devputra’ (Son of God). 
• Kanishka obtained the status of an emperor. His empire extended from Kabul to Pataliputra and from Kashmir to Malwa. 
• He established two capitals, one at Purushpur (Peshawar) and the other at Mathura. 
• The fourth Buddhist council was organized by Kanishka at Kundalvam in Kashmir. 
• The Kushanas had adopted Indian cultures which is obvious from the name of the last Kushana king “Vasudeva’.

• The period from 2nd C.B.C.E to 4th century C.E was the period of arrival of the central Asian tribes and the kingdoms that they established.
• Various industries and trade developed during this period. India’s contact with the foreigners proved to be beneficial for this. 
• India’s sea trade began to increase on a large scale. Indian goods were sent up to the Red Sea and from there via Egypt to Rome.
• The items of export were animals such as tigers, lions, and monkeys, birds such as parrots and peacocks, wool, silk, muslin, cotton cloth ivory, pearls, spices, and other luxury items. 
• The items of import were lead, copper, glass, silver, gold, wines, etc. 
• Due to this trade, the flow of gold coins was constantly coming in India and hence India became prosperous.

1. Bhokardan

2. Kushana

1. Shakuntalam

2. Vishaya

• Some Bactrian coins resemble Greek coins in terms of their shape and weight. 
• On some of these coins, the image of the owl is seen. 
• Owl is the symbol of Goddess Athena. Athena was the main deity of Athens. 
• Indo-Greek coins are found in Bactria. 
• The Greek legends are written on the obverse side and the legends are written in Prakrit. 
• Kharoshthi script on the reverse side.

• In contemporary India, agriculture and animal husbandry were the main sources of livelihood. 
• Along with it various industries and trade developed during this period.
• India’s contact with the foreigners proved to be beneficial for this. 
• During this period also merchant and artisans guilds (shrenis) were in existence.
• During this period, India’s sea trade began to increase on a large scale. 
• Indian goods were sent up to the Red Sea and from there via Egypt to Rome.
• From India, animals such as tiger, lion, and monkey; birds such as parrot and peacock; wool, silk, muslin, cotton cloth, ivory, pearls, spices, sandalwood, medicinal herbs, diamonds, precious stones, and other luxury items were exported and from other countries goods such as lead, copper, glass, silver, gold, wines, etc. were imported. 
• Due to this trade, the flow of gold coins was constantly coming in India and hence India became prosperous.

• After winning over the small kingdoms, Kushanas followed the system of Shakas and established their Satrapi’s there.
• A military officer called ‘Satrapa (Kshatrapa) was appointed on the satrapies. 
• The King was the chief of all the Satraps and adopted the titles like ‘Rajadhiraj’, ‘Maharaj’ etc. 
• The concept of the divinity of the King is seen for the first time in the inscriptions on the Kushana coins. 
• They called themselves ‘Devputra’(Son of God).

• Indian goods were sent up to the Red Sea and from there via. Egypt to Rome. 
• From India, animals such as tiger, lion, and monkey, birds such as parrot and peacock, wool, silk, muslin, cotton cloth, ivory, pearls, spices, sandalwood, medicinal herbs, diamonds, precious stones, and other luxury terms were exported, whereas, from other countries goods such as lead, copper, glass, silver, gold, wines were imported. 
• Due to this trade, the flow of gold coins was constantly coming in India and hence India became prosperous.

Correct Answer is  Yuan Chwang

(d) North India – Vardhan’s

• The Periplus of Erythrean Sea written in the mid 1st century C.E mentions the Red sea and the sea routes connecting coastal lines, ports, provinces, goods exchanged in trade. 
• Items like textiles, black pepper, precious stones, ivory, and animals such as monkeys, parrots, and peacocks for entertainment were exported from India. 
• Gold coins were the medium of exchange. Coral and liquor were items of import.
• A large amount of these gold coins found in south India gives an extent of the trade. 
• The growing trade between Rome and India saw the rise of several markets and cities. 
• Ter, Nevasa, Bhokardan were some of the places where commodities were stored. 
• The port of Sopara and Kalyan were important centers of Indo-Roman trade.

• The human figure was the central theme of the sculptures in the Gupta period. 
• Human sculptures and images of deities were created during this period. 
• Sculptures belonging to this period are found at many places such as Sarnath,Devgadh, Ajanta. 
• During this period, Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain religious icons were made of stone, metals, and terracotta.

The declining power of the Guptas saw the rise of dynasties such as Vardhans, Maukharis Maitrakas, etc. 

The founder of the Vardhan Empire was Pushyabhuti. 

He was followed by his son, Prabhakarvardhan who made the Vardhan dynasty powerful. 

He took up the title of ‘Parambhattarak Maharajadhiraj’. 

The most prominent ruler of this dynasty was Harshavardhan.

His empire extended from Nepal to Narmada and Saurashtra to Bengal.

‘Harshacharita’ written by Banabhatta, a court poet, and also travel accounts of Yuan Chwang give information about this period. 

Universities of Nalanda and Vallabhi became great centers of learning. Harshavardhan’s empire was the last powerful empire in ancient India.

• Samudraguptas ambition was to rule entire India as a unified empire.
• Samudragupta first conquered neighbouring kingdoms. 
• After the conquest in the North, he carried out an expedition in the south to conquer the southern kingdoms. The rulers of the regions beyond this conquered area became his feudatories. 
• He made them accept his suzerainty. 
• After this conquest (Digvijay) Samudragupta performed the Ashwamedha Sacrifice and proclaimed himself as Chakravarti king.

Correct option is  (d) Maharajadhiraja

Correct option is  (b) Kanishka

Correct option is (c) Pushyabhuti

Correct option is  (b) Greek

1. Moga

2. Samudragupta

Correct option is (b) Pushpatta – Floral designs

• During the period of Kumargupta son of Chandragupta II, the Huna in India began.
• Kumargupta withheld the attacks of Hunas. 
• After Kumargupta, the succeeding kings proved to be incapable of protecting their kingdom. 
• Finally, the Gupta empire disintegrated into many and small kingdoms.

Correct option is  (d) Kharoshthi

• During the Gupta period, lands were granted to civil and military officers instead of salaries.
• The roots of the feudal system can be found in this period. 
• It is believed that the feudal economy brought about the decline of urban centers.
• Because of revenue tax exemption on the donated land, the revenue too decreased and the royal treasury was depleted. 
• It was concentrated in the hands of locals’ landlords. Because of this the king no longer remained in the center of power.

(d) Pushpapatta – Floral designs

1. Chitrapatta

2. Lokaraja