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With rapid advance in science, the number of discoveredelementincreaseditisdifficultto study and remember the behavior and properties of each and everyelementand also how they form the compounds hence attemptshavebeen made toclassifytheseelementsin to groups ofelementshaving similar characteristics.

Detergents are kinds of cleansing agents that make the dirt and impurities water soluble and easy to clean. It is a water-soluble substance and unlike soaps, it does not form any foam or deposits when mixed with water.

These detergents are sometimes used as bleaching agents also. They need to be prepared carefully with the right amount of moisture. A few abrasive detergents contain high amounts of calcium carbonate or calcite. They also contain chloride derivatives of cyanuric acid. These compounds tend to break down into hypochlorites when they come in contact with excess moisture or with water. They cannot absorb water and hold them. Also, the presence of impurities like MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ makes them moist during the rainy seasons when the atmospheric humidity and moisture is high.

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Detergents are ammonium or sulphonate salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. They do not react with calcium and magnesium salts present in the water and give good lather.

Detergents are often preferred over soap as they are more effective at cleaning and have a wider range of uses. Detergents can be used in hard water also because they react less to minerals in water and do not leave any residue.

Detergent when dissolved in water form micelle. These micelles help in the cleansing action of detergent.

The cleansing action of detergent is very much similar to that of soap.The only difference is that detergents work with hard water also.It does not react with Ca and Mg salts and hence do not form scum.And form a large amount of lather.

Examples:- tide , surf

Diagonal relationship of Be with Al Because of its small size Be differs from other earth alkaline earth metals but resembles in many of its properties with Al on account of diagonal relationship. (1) Be2+ and Al3+ have almost same and smaller size and thus favour for covalent bonding.

(2) Both these form covalent compounds having low melting point and soluble in organic solvent.

(3) Both have same value of electronegativity (which is 1.5).

(4) The standard O.P of these elements are quite close to each other ; Be2+=1.69 volts and Al3+= 1.70 volts.

(5) Both become passive on treating with concentrated HNO3 in cold.

(6) Both form many stable complexes for example (BeF3)-, (AlH4)-.

(7) Like BeO, Al2O3 is amphoteric in nature. Also both are high melting point solids. Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O

(8) Be and Al both react with NaOH to liberate H2 forming beryllates and alluminates. Be + 2NaOH → Na2BeO2+H2 2Al + 6NaOH → 2Na3AlO3 + 3H2

(9) Be2 C and Al4C3 both provides CH4 on treating with the water. Be2C+ 2H2O → CH4 + 2BeO Al4C3 + 6H2O → 3CH4 + 2Al2O3

(10) These both occur together in the nature in the ore of beryl, 3BeO. Al2O3. 6SiO2.

(11) Unlike other alkaline earths but such as aluminium, beryllium is not effortlessly attacked by air (Also Mg is not attacked by the air)

(12) Both Be and Al react very slowly with dilute HCl to liberate H2.

(13) Both Be and Al form polymeric covalent hydrides while hydrides of other alkaline earth are ionic.

(14) BeCl2 and AlCl3 are both prepared is the similar way. BeO+ C+ Cl2 → BeCl2 + CO Al2O3 + 3C +3Cl2 → 2AlCl3 + 3CO

(15) Both BeCl2 and AlCl3 are soluble in organic solvents and act as catalyst in Friedel -Crafts reaction.

(16) Be (OH)2 and Al (OH)3 are both amphoteric whereas hydroxides of other alkaline earths are strong alkali.

(17) The salts of Be and Al are extensively hydrated.

(18) BeCl2 and AlCl3 both have a bridged polymeric structure.

(19) Be and Al both form fluoro complex ions [BeF4]2- and [AlF6]3- in solution state whereas other members of 2nd group do not form such complexes

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A short ionic part comprising the carboxylate salt, —COO- Na +. This is the polar end. This is water soluble (i.e.,hydrophilic or water attracting) and, therefore, remains attached to water.A long hydrocarbon chain which is the non-polar end. This end is hydrophobic (i.e., water repelling) and is soluble in oil and grease.

When soap is dissolved in water, it forms a colloidal suspension. In this colloidal suspension, the soap molecules cluster together to form micelles and remain radially suspended in water with the hydrocarbon end towards the centre and the ionic end directed outward.This is shown in the figure.The dirt particles always adhere to the oily or greasy layer present on the skin or clothes. When a dirty cloth is dipped into a soap solution, its non-polar hydrocarbon end of micelles attach to the grease or oil present in dirt and polar end remains in water layer. The mechanical action of rubbing subsequently, dislodges the oily layer from the dirty surface shaping it into small globules. A stable emulsion of oil in water is formed. The emulsified oil or grease globules bearing the dirt can now be readily washed with water.Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. Detergents are generally ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.Soaps do not form lather in hard water because hard water contains calcium and magnesium salts. Soap molecules react with calcium and magnesium salts to form an insoluble precipitate called scum.Two problems which arise because of the use of detergents are:

Detergents are non-biodegradable; hence, detergents accumulate in the environment and cause problems.

Certain phosphate additives are added to detergents which form a thick green scum over the river water and harm the animal life in the river.

Detergents are the sodium salts of long chain benzene sulphonic acids or long chain alkyl hydrogensulphates.

Soaps are the sodium salts of the long chain carboxylic acids.

Detergents have replaced soaps as washing agents because they form lather (jhaag) both with soft and hard water whereas soap does not give lather easily with hard water because it first reacts with the calcium ions and magnesium ions present in hard water to form insoluble precipitates of calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids known as scum.please like the solution 👍 ✔️👍

Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain carboxylic acids.

Soaps have lesser cleansing action or quality as compared to detergents.

Soaps are made from animal or plant fats.

Soaps are more biodegradable.Detergents :

Detergents are ammonium or solphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids.

Detergents have better cleansing action as compared to soaps.

Detergents are made from petrochemicals. Detergents are less biodegradable.

1.A diagonal relationship is said to exist between certain pairs of diagonally adjacent elements in the second and third periods of the periodic table. These pairs exhibit similar properties; for example, boron and silicon are both semiconductors, forming halides that are hydrolysed in water and have acidic oxides.

2.Hassium is a synthetic chemical elementwith symbol Hs andatomic number 108.

Hard watercontains calcium and magnesium ions. Whensoaps are dissolved in hard water, these ions displace sodium or potassium from their salts and forminsolublecalcium or magnesium salts of fatty acids.

Theseinsolublesalts separate as scum. This is the reasonwhy soapsdo not work inhard water.

Whensoapis added tohard water, the Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions present inhard waterreact withsoap. The sodium salts present insoapsare converted to their corresponding calcium and magnesium salts which are precipitated as scum. The insoluble scum sticks on the clothes and so the cleaning capacity ofsoapis reduced

Soft water readily forms lather with soap, but it is more difficult to form lather with hard water. The dissolved calcium ions and magnesium ions in hard water react with the soap to form scum, so more soap is needed. Soapless detergents do not form scum with hard water.

Hence; from this above concept we can extract that in a nitrogen group ammonia have only 1 pair of lone pair

In chemistry, alone pairrefers to apairof valenceelectronsthat are not shared with another atom and is sometimes called a non-bondingpair.

Lone pairsare found in the outermostelectronshell of atoms.

They can be identified by using a Lewis structure.

Thevalence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theorystates that electron pairs repel each other whether or not they are in bond pairs or in lone pairs. Thus, electron pairs will spread themselves as far from each other as possible to minimize repulsion. VSEPR focuses not only on electron pairs, but it also focus on electron groups as a whole. Anelectron groupcan be an electron pair, a lone pair, a single unpaired electron, a double bond or a triple bond on the center atom. Using the VSEPR theory, the electron bond pairs and lone pairs on the center atom will help us predict the shape of a molecule.

The shape of a molecule is determined by the location of the nuclei and its electrons. The electrons and the nuclei settle into positions that minimize repulsion and maximize attraction. Thus, the molecule's shape reflects its equilibrium state in which it has the lowest possible energy in the system. Although VSEPR theory predicts the distribution of the electrons, we have to take in consideration of the actual determinant of the molecular shape. We separate this into two categories, theelectron-group geometryand themolecular geometry.

In XeOF4, Xenon is sp3d2hybridised and has one lone pair of electrons.

answer 4 is right

2.19×10^8

calculate) is thehydrogen atomwhich is in all our water. A calculation shows that theelectronis traveling at about 2,200 kilometers per second. That's less than 1% of thespeedof light, but it's fast enough to get it around the Earth in just over 18 seconds.

2.19*10'8 is a right answer

Inunicellularorganism, themode of reproductionis simple whereas it is very complex in case ofmulticellularorganisms. Binary fission, multiple fission, budding and conjugation are some of thereproductivemethods inunicellularorganisms. ... Sexualreproductionis prominent inmulticellularanimals.

(NH4)2CO3------------>CO2+ 2NH3+ H2O

(NH4)2CO3................》CO2+2NH3+H2O

Nitrogen is more electronegative than phosphorus. On moving down a group, the number of shell increases.

Therefore, the valence electrons move away from the nucleus and the effective nuclear charge decreases. This causes the decrease in the tendency to attract electron and hence electro negativity decreases.

nitrogen is more electronegative

option (d) is correct.

atomic weight of P : 31 and S :32

wt of P:1.24g and wt pf : 0.96g

ratio of moles of P:S = (1.24/31) : (0.96/32)

= 4:3

empirical formula is :nP4S3

Hey the answer isWe have to balance the chargeThat's why calculate charge on both sides we get that left hand side have 2 charge so answr is also 2

option no.D is correct answer

the number of electron required to balance is 2

the answer for your question is option D

For l=1, orbital is p.No of paired electrons = 2.

Density = Mass / Volume

1Δd/d = 1ΔM/M + 3ΔL/L

= 1.5 + 3×1

= 4.5%

tHankeWw

N/N₀=e^(-kt) and

ln (N/N₀)= -kt and

t= (-ln(N/N₀))/k

half life is when N/N₀=1/2.

THEN:

t1/2=(-ln(1/2))/k = ln2/k.

this is simply equal to:

t1/2=0.693/k.

This formula has been discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1900

(d)

Reaction of aluminium metal with water:Reaction of aluminium metal with cold water is too slow to come into notice. But when steam is passed over aluminium metal; aluminium oxide and hydrogen gas are produced.

2Al + 3H2O ⇨ Al2O3+ 2H2

Reaction of zinc metal with water:Zinc metal produces zinc oxide and hydrogen gas when steam is passed over it. Zinc does not react with cold water.

Zn + H2O ⇨ ZnO + H2

Reaction of Iron with water:Reaction of iron with cold water is very slow and come into notice after a long time. Iron forms rust (iron oxide) when reacts with moisture present in atmosphere.

Iron oxide and hydrogen gas are formed by passing of steam over iron metal.

3Fe + 4H2O ⇨ Fe3O4+ 4H2

bifen unit like and unlike fractions with example

1) centrifugation 2) crystallization or evaporation 3) salt sublimation

salt from sea water it is Answer

(i) To separate butter from bread the method of centrifugation is used. (ii) To separate salt from sea water method of crystallization is used. (iii)Camphor is separated from salt by the method of salt sublimation technique. I hope my answer helps you.

CenteifugationCrystlizationSublation

1 centrifugation2 crystallisation or evaporation3 salt sublimation

centrifugation

evaporationsublimation

1 is churning or c centrifugation.

2 evoporation

3 sublimation

ANormal saltis formed when all the hydrogen ions(H+) of an acid, have been replaced by metal ions or by the ammonium ions(NH4+), All thesaltslisted in table 1 arenormal salts.Normal saltsmay be soluble or insoluble in cold water. all nitratessaltsare soluble.

please answer my question letter to blood relation

A tower having siren make noise and and high light intensity light coming from its tip. so light reach faster always than sound in any specific region

(b) 1:2

Atomic mass ofC (carbon)is12g/mol,H (hydrogen)is1g/molandO (Oxygen)is16g/mol

So, molecular mass of CH3OH or CH4O is

= 1 × mass of C + 4 × mass of H + 1 × Mass of O

= (1 × 12 + 4 × 1 + 1 × 16) g/mol

= (12 + 4 + 16) g/mol

=32g/mol

tq

option (c)

proton os heaviey than electron

We know,Mass of an electron = 9.1 × 10–31kgMass of a proton = 1.6 × 10−27kg

Thus, a proton is 1840 times heavier than an electron.

proton is heavier by 1840 times than the electron prove: We know mass of electron = 9.1 • 10 ³¹ kg mass of proton = 1.6 • 10 ²7

proton is heavier than electron

proton is 1840 times heavier than electron .plz like my comment.

A proton is approximately2,000 times heavierthan an electron. Protons and electrons, along with neutrons, are the principal sub-atomic particles that make up an atom. Protons and electrons have equal but opposite charges. In most cases, atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons.

Pls explain in an easy way

Themolar massof a substance is themassof one mole of that substance. Because of the nature of the mole, the atomicmassof an element in atomicmassunits is equal to themolar massof that substance in grams.Molar massis useful in finding the number of moles of a substance within a given sample.

Molecular massis a number equal to the sum of the atomicmassesof the atoms in amolecule. Themolecular massgives themassof amoleculerelative to that of the12C atom, which is taken to have amassof 12.

Themolar massof a substance is themassof one mole of that substance. Because of the nature of the mole, the atomicmassof an element in atomicmassunits is equal to themolar massof that substance in grams.Molar massis useful in finding the number of moles of a substance within a given sample

The molar mass of a substance is the mass of one mole of that substance. because of the nature of an element in atomic mass units is equal to the molar mass is useful in finding the number of moles of a substance within a given sample

molecular mass is the mass of a substance is the mass of 1 mole of that substancein the molecular mass atomic mass unit is equal to the molar mass of that substance in gram

hiiiiiiiiiii friend all correct answer

IUPAC name = 4-methyl-hept-1,3,5-ene

The answer of this question is very very large..

all three metals are soft mercury is not flexible

Mercury is transparent not shiny .It is like a liquid and it is in thermometer

Chemical bonds involve electrons from thereactingatoms. Compounds formed frommetals and non-metalsconsist of ions. ...metalatoms lose electrons to form positively charged ions. ... So themetals react withnon metalsby giving electrons and in turn thenon-metalstake the electrons.

.Denatured alcohol is ethyl alcohol which has been made unfit for drinking purposes by adding small amount of poisonous substances like copper sulphate , methanol pyridine.

The need of denature alcohol is to :- To prevent from the misuse of the industrial alcohol for drinking purposes.

benzyl alcohol as it doesn't have free alpha H for reaction.

Egg shell is made of calcium carbonate. When calcium carbonate reacts with nitric acid, it gives carbon dioxide, calcium nitrate and water. Same reaction happens when nitric acid is poured over egg shell.

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3 )2 + CO2 + H2O