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In the process of the rusting of iron:

The iron is the anode and is oxidized:

Fe → Fe2+ + 2e-

The reduction of oxygen occurs at the cathode:

O2 + 2H2O + 4e- → 4OH-

Electrons move from the anode to the cathode through the iron.

The anode and the cathode may be separated by some distance.

Insoluble iron (II) hydroxide is formed and the iron (II) ions are further oxidized to produce hydrated iron (III) oxide, or rust.

Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It is the gradual destruction of materials by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment.

MECHANISM OF CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION

Cationic polymerization is a type of chain growth polymerization in which a cationic initiator transfers a charge to a vinyl monomer which then becomes reactive. This reactive monomer goes on to react with other monomers to form a polymer. Let A be the catalyst, RH the co-catalyst and M the monomer, then the individual steps can be represented as follows:

A + RH ⇔ H+AR-

H+AR-+ M → HM+AR-

HMn+AR-+ M → HMn+1+AR-

HMn+AR-→ Mn+ H+AR-

HMn+AR-+ M → Mn+ HM+AR-

Both the initiation and termination reaction involves the transfer of a proton. Other cations may of course be transferred in some other cases.

In a homogenous system, the rate of initiation is usually proportional to the concentration of the catalyst complex and also to the concentration of the monomer. Its concentration is usually below one percent of that of the monomer. Often the chemical nature of the initiating catalyst and its concentration is unknown. For this reason, the rate of initiation is usually expressed in terms of the total concentration of either the catalyst or the co-catalyst, whichever is present in stoichioemetric deficiency. Calling this concentration [C], the rate of initiation can be written as ki[C] or ki[C] [M] depending on whether the initiation complex H+AR-is mostly converted to a reactive chain-growth monomer HM+AR-or not. The rate of initiation Riis then given by

Ri= ki[H+AR-] [M] = kiK [A] [RH] [M]

Herein is K the rate constant of the catalyst-cocatalyst complex formation and kiis the rate constant of the initiation step.

The termination rate should be of second order, that is, it should be proportional to the anion concentration [AR-] and the concentration of growing chains [M+]. However, it is of first order since the anion remains always in the vicinity of the growing chain center:

Rt= kt[M+]

Assuming steady state conditions, Ri= Rt, the rate of polymerization can be written as

Rp= kp[M+] [M] = (K ki/ kt) [A] [RH] [M]2

where [M+] is the concentration of all chain carriers ∑nHMn+AR-.

tq

They are packed in an atmosphere of N2 as it is an inert gas.

(3) nitrogen because it is unreactive

These polymerizations are initiated by nucleophilic addition to the double bond of the monomer. This nucleophile can be an ion such as hydroxide, alkoxide, cyanide or a carbanion. The carbanion can originate from an organo-metallic species such as an alkyl lithium or Grignard reagent

The materials which are non-conducting in nature can be charged by friction easily. Copper which is a highly conducting material cannot be charged that easily.

a glass rod when rubbed against a silk cloth acquires a positive charge and silk cloth acquires negative charge

a) Diamagnetic substances are those which have a tendency to move from stronger part to the weaker part of the externalmagnetic field. We can also say that the diamagnetic substances get repelled by a magnet.

b) The position of atoms, molecules, or ions in a solid crystal, relative to one other in space, is usually designated by points. Such a representation is calledspace lattice.Thus, we define thespace lattice as an array of points showing how molecules, atoms or ions are arranged at different sites in three-dimensional spaces

In mathematics, physics, and engineering, a Euclidean vector is a geometric object that has magnitude and direction. Vectors can be added to other vectors according to vector algebra.

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Hence, 132.6 * 10^3 / 66 = 2009

option (b)

Aldol' is an abbreviation ofaldehyde and alcohol. When the enolate of an aldehyde or a ketone reacts at the α-carbon with the carbonyl of another molecule under basic or acidic conditions to obtain β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone, this reaction is called Aldol Reaction.

two acetaldehyde form enol form and after that form a mixture of aldehyde and alcohol so known as aldol condensation

Z is aldol

option d is correct

see while calculating the value of l we go from 0 to n-1 and no. of orbitals in an subshell is given by(2l+1). and we know each orbital has 2 electons so 2(2l+1) and putting value of l between 0 to n-1

For a certain Value of n, L is always from 0 to n-1

and for each l , the number of electrons = 2(2l+1)

so, total is summation of 2(2l+1) for all L

option D

Equilibrium for the expression would be: [C]/([A]³[B]³)

Molecular mass of sucrose=342 umolar mass = 342 ggiven mass =3.42 ggiven mass in terms of molar mass = 1/100 of molar massNo. of molecules in 1 mole =6.022*10^23No. of molecules in given mass = 1/100 * 6.022*10^23=6.022*10^21No.of oxygen atoms in 1 molecule of sucrose =11No.of oxygen atoms in 6.022*10^21 molecules =11*6.022*10^21=6.6242*10^22atomsNow,given water 18gmolecular mass of water = 18 ugiven water = 18g = 1 moleno.of oxygen atoms in 1 molecule of water = 1 No. of oxygen atoms in 6.022*10^23 molecules =1*6.022*10^23=6.022*10^23 atoms Total no. of oxygen atoms inthe solution =6.022*10^23+0.66242*10^23=6.68442*10^23 atoms

Starch is made up of 2 components that are:

Amylaseandamylopectin.

Amyloseandamylopectin.

यह प्राणी जगत का एक समूह है, जो अपने नवजात को दूध पिलाते हैं जो इनकी (मादाओं के) स्तन ग्रंथियों से निकलता है। यह कशेरुकी होते हैं और इनकी विशेषताओं में इनके शरीर में बाल, कान के मध्य भाग में तीन हड्डियाँ तथा यह नियततापी प्राणी हैं। स्तनधारियों का आकार २९-३३ से.मी.

The film was remade in 2006 as Don starring Shah Rukh Khan in the lead role of Don.

what about Mr.Bachchan

Galvanization or galvanizing is the process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron, to prevent rusting. The most common method is hot-dip galvanizing, in which the parts are submerged in a bath of molten zinc.

what is purpose of it?

An operating system isthelevel of programming that lets you do things withyourcomputer.Theoperating system interacts withacomputer's hardware onabasic level, transmittingyourcommands into languagethehardware can interpret.The OSacts asaplatform for all other applications onyourmachine.

A colloid is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Stability: Colloids are relatively stable in nature. The particles of the dispersed phase are in a state of continuous motion and remain suspended in the solution.

Filterability: Colloids require specialized filters known as ultrafilters for filtration. They readily pass through ordinary filter papers without yieldingany residue.

Heterogenous nature:Since colloids consist of two phases, the dispersed phase as well as the dispersion medium, they are known as heterogeneous in nature.

Thetwofeatures ofcarbonthat give rise to alarge numberofcompoundsare as follows: (i) Catenation − It is the ability to form bonds with other atoms ofcarbon. (ii) Tetravalency − With the valency of four,carbonis capable of bonding with four other atoms.

Great dude!

Carbon forms huge number of compounds because of most important property of carbon that is catenation which means it has the capability to form large no. of bonds. which is further possible due to only 4 valence electrons and it's small size which avoid steric hindrance.

1.liquid can move easily because their particles can move over each other2. the latent heat absorbed by ice is more than water.3. because the water evaporates and absorb the heat of body4.due to effect of temperature in our body5.wooden table can be called as solid because it as a fixed shape and have strong force of attraction

True Using the chemical-mixed colorsfor Holi andRang Panchamican cause and they contains solvents such as tetrathyline as well aslead.

Boiling pointis directly proportional to the intermolecular forces existing in a compound. Althoughbutaneandpropanol have comparable molecular masses (58 and 60 respectively) but, inpropanol, polar OH group is present, due to which strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding exists between its molecules.

thank u

AlthoughPH3is alargermolecule with greater dispersion forcesthanammonia,NH3 hasvery polar N-H bonds leading to strong hydrogen bonding. This the dominant intermolecular force and results ina greaterattraction betweenNH3moleculesthanthere is betweenPH3molecules..

reason is Hydrogen bonding.

Being monoatomic is a crucial point to understand the melting and boiling points of noble gases. If the gas is monoatomic, that means the intermolecular forces will be extremely weak. So there is weak interaction between atoms of the noble gases, leaving a low boiling point for them.

Periods. Horizontal rows of the periodic table of elements are the periods. There are seven such periods in the table, each numbered from 1 to 7.

i) Non-metalii) seven valence electrons, iii)valency = 1iv)Halogens

(a) Sodium bicarbonate(b) Sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda, is used to relieve heartburn, sour stomach, or acid indigestion.

Moles of NaCl = 15/58.44

= 0.25 moles of NaCL

Kg of solvent = 250/1000 Kg

= 0.25 Kg of water

Therefore, Molality:

= 0.25/0.25

= 1 molal

For water change in BP:

ΔTb= Kb* m

= 0.52 * 1

= 0.52 K

Since water boils at 373.15 K at 1.013 bar pressure, therefore the boiling of solution will be 373.15+0.52 = 373.67 K

Group 2 elements- alkaline earth metalsGroup 17 elements- halogens

Ans :- Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide. It is used primarily as a cooling agent. Its advantages include lower temperature than that of water ice and not leaving any residue. It is useful for preserving frozen foods where mechanical cooling is unavailable.

The most common use of dry ice is to preserve food, usingnon-cyclic refrigeration. It is frequently used to package items that must remain cold or frozen, such asice creamor biological samples, without the use of mechanical cooling.

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this question and answer is useful for me. thank you

because cotton clothes absorbs sweat we wear light colored cotton clothes because light colored clothes do not absorb more heat as compared to dark colored clothes

because they absorbes the wet and are Light

We wear cotton clothes in summer

Because cotton make sun ray decerease

we should wear a cotton clothes in summer because of mechanism of our body which keeps us cool and the heat energy equal to the lantern heat of vaporisation is absorbed from the body living the body cool

we wear cotton during summer because it doesn't absorb radiation of sun

we should wear cotton clothes

In summer why should we wear cotton clothes

in summer,we wear cotton clothes

Frenkel defects are exhibited in ionic solids with a large size difference between the anion and cation (with the cation usually smaller due to an increasedeffective nuclear charge)

but why is that so

This is an example of combination reaction which is exothermicAs when water is added to calcium oxide it forms calcium hydroxide

ASchottky defectis a type of pointdefectin a crystal lattice named after Walter H.Schottky. In non-ionic crystals itmeansa lattice vacancydefect. ... The surrounding atoms then move to fill these vacancies, causing new vacancies to form. Normally thesedefects willlead to a decrease in the density of the crystal.