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The average weather condition of place for a long period like 30-33 years in known in known as climate. India’s climate is said to be “Tropical Monson”.

The main factors are monsoon winds.

(i) Location: The northern part of India lies in sub-tropical and temperate zone and the part lying to the south of the tropic of cancer come under tropical zone. The tropical zone being nearer to the Equator, experiences high temperature throughout the year, with small daily and annual range. Tropic of Caner 23 1/2° N latitude passes through the centre of the country. So India is situated both in the tropical and temperate region. 

(ii) Mountain Ranges: The lofty Himalayan Mountains have prevented the cold winds of central Asia, and keep India warm. They are also greatly responsible for the monsoon rains in the country.

(iii) Distribution of Land and Water: India is bounded by the Arabian Sea in the west and Bay of Bengal in the east, Indian Ocean in the south. These adjoining seas have influenced the climate of the country considerably. They influence the rainfall of the coastal region. Even the cyclones which originate from these seas regularly affect the weather condition.

(iv) The relief features of India also affect the temperature, air pressure, direction and speed of wind, the amount and distribution of rainfall. The windward side of Western Ghats and north east received high rainfall from June to September.

(v) Monsoon winds: The climatic conditions of other country are greatly influenced by monsoon winds. The winds blow in a particular direction during one season, but get reversed during the other season.

Correct option is B. Climate

Corret option is D. Weather

Correct option is A. 23.5°

The equator passes through the northern part of Brazil.

Tropic of cancer

The Brazilian coasts experience mild and humidclimate because of its proximity to sea.

(a) Right.

(b) Wrong – India and Brazil have different seasons at the same time.

(c) Right.

(d) Wrong – Brazil gets rainfall from South-East Trade Winds and North-East Trade Winds.

(i) Brazil gets rainfall from the South-East Trade Winds and the North-East Trade Winds. 

(ii) Parts of the Brazilian Highlands extend up to the northern coast. 

(iii) The Escarpments act as an obstruction to the winds blowing from the sea and cause orographic type of rainfall in the coastal region. 

(iv) Beyond the Highlands, the effect of these winds gets reduced. As a result, the rainfall is minimal. 

(v) Thus the North Eastern part of Brazilian highlands receives less rainfall. This rain shadow region is also called the ‘Drought Quadrilateral’.

Mawsynram gets maximum rainfall in the world.

The Hills of Meghalaya.

Monsoon of climate prevails in India.

Tamil Nadu state receives the most of its rain during October and November.

• During October-November, a season of dry and cool winds starts instead of hot summer.
• Clear sky and increasing temperatures are main characteristics or retreating monsoon winds.
• Soil contains moisture, day temperature increases, night is cool and pleasant.
• Day time weather is very perplexing due to high temperature and humidity. This situation is known as ‘October Heat’. It is locally known as ‘Bhadarvi Taap’.

1. As we go higher from the sea-level air pressure and air temperature decrease.

2. Moist air cools down when it rises and rain occurs. With increasing altitude of the mountains the rainfall increases.

3. Due to the high altitude, the Himalayan peaks remain covered with show throughout the year.

Correct option: (b) monsoon

Correct option: (d) 25°-28°C

The average temperature in Amazon valley is 25°-28°C.

Correct option: (c) cyclones

Correct option: (a) 2000

Equitable climate.

Coromandal Coast.

The answer is (A) condition of atmosphere at a place and also at a particular time

The answer is  (B) the high angle of the sun

The answer is (A) seasonal winds

Monsoon tends to have ‘breaks’ in rainfall; which means that there are wet and dry spells in between. The monsoon is famous for its uncertainties. It may cause heavy floods in one part of the country, and may be responsible for droughts in other part. Because of its uncertain behaviour, it sometimes disturbs the farming schedule in India. This affects millions of farmers all over the country.

(i) From March to May, it is hot weather season in India. In March, the highest temperature is about 38° Celsius, recorded on the Deccan plateau. In April, temperatures in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh are around 42° Celsius. In May, temperature of 45° Celsius is common in the northwestern parts of the country. 

(ii)  A striking feature of the hot weather season is the ‘loo’. These are strong, gusty, hot, dry winds blowing during the day over the north and north western India. Sometimes they even continue until late in the evening. Direct exposure to these winds may even prove to be fatal. 

(iii) Dust storms are very common during the month of May in northern India. These storms bring temporary relief as they lower the temperature and may bring light rain and cool breeze. 

(iv) This is also the season for localised thunderstorms, associated with violent winds, torrential downpours, often accompanied by hail. In West Bengal, these storms are known as the ‘Kaal Baisakhi’ calamity for the month of Baisakh. 

(v) Towards the close of the summer season, pre-monsoon showers are common especially, in Kerala and Karnataka. They help in the early ripening of mangoes, and are often referred to as ‘mango showers’.

The temperature ranges between 10°-15°C in the northern plains. The weather is usually marked by clear sky, low temperatures and low humidity and feeble variable winds. The inflow of the cyclonic disturbances from the west and the northwest is a characteristic feature of the cold weather over the northern plains. These low-pressure systems originate over the Mediterranean Sea and Western Asia and move into India. They cause winter rains over the plains and snowfall in the mountains.

D. Mawsynram

C. Amravarsha

Correct option is A. Snowfall

D. In Western Ghats forests

The elements of climate such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, direction of winds and the amount of rainfall are affected by the presence of relief features as they act as a climatic barrier like the Himalayas and Western Ghats.

1. Cherrapunji and Mawsynram.

2. 1879,1957and 1985.

3. Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.

4. Tamil Nadu.

5. -48°C.

1 – b 

2 – c 

3 – d 

4 – e

Mawsynram is situated on southern part with of Garo and Khasi hills. It is situated at the head of a Funnel shaped hill. One branch of Monsoon winds of Bay of Bengal give rainfall here. Due to the strange position of these waves Mawsynram had become the place in world with highest rainfall.

Mawsynram is located in Meghalaya. Three reasons can be cited for high rainfall at Mawsynram: 

The warm moist winds of the northward-moving air from the Bay of Bengal during the monsoon, which cover an extensive area but are forced to converge into the narrower zone over the Khasi Hills, thus concentrating their moisture.

(i) This place is enclosed by hills on three sides.

(ii) The relief features give this place funnel shaped location.

(iii) The Bay of Bengal monsoon is trapped in these hills. These winds try to get out of there, but are forced to pour down there.

1. Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is the area encircling the earth near the equator where winds originating in the northern and southern hemispheres come together. This is a low-pressure tropical trough. 

2. In summer it is over the Ganga plain. This equatorial trough is normally positioned about 5°N of the equator. It is also known as the monsoon trough during the monsoon season. 

3. This trough keeps on changing its position according to the time of the year.

(b) Deciduous forest

(c) Do not shed their leaves.

Most part of Brazil and India lies in the Tropical zone.

In Brazil the difference in temperature is negligible in the coastal regions near the equator.

The obstruction caused by the Eastern and Western Ghats brings more rain in the coastal regions of India.

Four main seasons can be identified in India – the cold weather season, the hot weather season, the advancing monsoon and the retreating monsoon with some regional variations. 

The northern part of Brazil beyond the Highlands is called ‘Drought Quadrilateral’.

In India, the Himalayas obstruct the cold winds blowing from the north.

Brazil receives rainfall from the South East and North-East Trade Winds.

Correct option: (a) orographic