Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Correct answer is (C) Unrestricted first order predicate CALCULUS is permitted

For explanation I would say: Self-monitoring behaviour is required in a COGNITIVE radio to ensure bounded usage of resources within bounded time. First order predicate calculus is avoided as it is not possible to determine the period of completion. Bounded iterations WHOSE completion time is independent of the CALCULATION of iteration control of the loop.

The CORRECT choice is (c) INTRODUCTION of multiple bands and multiple modes in RADIO

To elaborate: The transition from software defined radio to cognitive radio is DUE to the availability of resources and technology that allow the incorporation of AWARENESS, adaptability, and cognition skills in the radio. For example, cellular networks manage the wireless protocols for the user but the emergence of cognitive radio with the capability of supporting multiple bands and modes shift the responsibility of protocol management towards the radio itself.

Right answer is (d) The known sequence refers to integrated knowledge of the cognitive RADIO

To explain I would say: The known sequence corresponds to CONTEXT cluster sequence of the inference HIERARCHY. The known sequence refers to the integrated knowledge present in the cognitive BEHAVIOUR model of cognitive radio.

Correct ANSWER is (B) Conversion of atomic stimuli into atomic symbols

To elaborate: The conversion of atomic stimuli into atomic symbols by using a sensory pre-processing subsystem. Advanced SIGNAL and VIDEO processing tools are required to isolate atomic symbols in industrial cognitive radio.

The CORRECT answer is (d) Behavioural model

Best explanation: A cognitive radio REQUIRES significant amount of KNOWLEDGE to be embedded in inference hierarchies. This includes internal and external knowledge. Internal knowledge is required to REASON with itself and external knowledge is required to reason with outside environment. Informal model, axiomatic model, and ONTOLOGY model are few classes of knowledge that are employed to structure the inference hierarchy.

Right OPTION is (d) SELECTION among alternatives

Easiest explanation: The decide PHASE selects from a number of options generated by the PLANNING phase. It is responsible for allocating computational and radio resources to support software in accordance to the activated PLAN.

Right option is (a) DETERMINE parameters that support the application

The best I can EXPLAIN: The cognition FUNCTIONS model the domain of application to find out the parameters that offer the ADDITIONAL support needed for effectively running an application. Quality of service, data rate, and probability of link closure are EXAMPLES of such parameters that influence wireless communication.

The correct option is (d) MODEL the PROPAGATION of signal

The explanation: The cognition function replicate the propagation of RADIO signal with good quality to determine the level of interference expected towards other users of the SPECTRUM. It may also be used to verify whether the interference level is within the specified LIMITS imposed by the protocols pertaining to the location.

The CORRECT option is (c) Three-mode handset

The explanation: The T250 model of Mitsubishi is a three-mode handset. It operates in Time DIVISION Multiple Access (TDMA) mode on 850 or 1900 MHZ, Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) mode on 850 MHz, and in Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) mode on 1900 MHz. It is a primitive EXAMPLE of multiband, multimode wireless device.

The correct choice is (b) Parallel virtual MACHINE is a distributed computing SYSTEM developed by joining a set of parallel computers

Easy explanation: A parallel virtual machine is a distributed computing system developed by joining a set of parallel computers into a single virtual machine. Complex COMPUTATIONAL problems MAY be solved more efficiently by utilizing collective power and memory of many computers. It may be used for RESOURCE allocation in cognitive radio.

The correct answer is (d) Atomic stimuli

The best I can explain: Atomic stimuli refer to the EXTERNAL signals AVAILABLE from the outside WORLD in unprocessed form. It INCLUDES the RF, image, location, and acoustic information that enter from the outside environment.

The correct CHOICE is (a) Number of unmatched features

The explanation is: Binding involves matching the current stimulus to a prior experience based on the degree of CLOSENESS. The number of unmatched features is an example for a criterion that may be used for binding. If the number of unmatched features is LESS than the threshold, the binding information is forwarded to the planning STAGE of cognition cycle.

The correct OPTION is (a) Plan calculus

Easy explanation: Plan calculus applies REASONING over time, user identity, space, and CONTEXT. It offers information such as when and where. It also PROVIDES the context, and reports internal requests. The context may involve location, action, state of existence, etc.

The CORRECT answer is (d) Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language

The explanation is: Prayer behaviour RESOLVES conflict with the help of HOME network. The conflict is PRESENTED to the network USING Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language. If the conflict is resolved, it is integrated into overall knowledge.

Correct answer is (C) Sleeping

Easy explanation: When long periods of disuse are PREDICTED, the COGNITIVE radio should enter into sleeping behaviour by itself. The cognitive radio is trained to IDENTIFY situations that require sleeping behaviour. It may seek PERMISSION before entering sleep mode.

Correct option is (c) Establish efferent path for control of effectors

Easy explanation: The combination of COGNITION and effector functions is used to establish the efferent path for the control of effectors. The INFORMATION SERVICES DELIVER the relevant data to effectors. The cognition function then arranges the data, develops a path, and oversees the FLOW of information.

Right ANSWER is (b) Environmental sensors

To explain: Environmental sensors measure VARIOUS characteristics in the SURROUNDING domain. This includes TEMPERATURE, vibration, power, exposure to light, position of sun, velocity, etc. It enables perception.

The CORRECT answer is (d) BALANCING convenience and security

To explain I would say: Security management is controlled by the system control unit. It is responsible for protecting the user DATA using various safety measures such as ENCRYPTION. Security management MUST carefully balance convenience and security. This can be a timing consuming process.

The CORRECT answer is (c) Novel SEQUENCE describes the current stimulus-response of cognitive radio

The BEST EXPLANATION: Novel sequence corresponds to the content cluster level of inference hierarchy. It describes the current stimulus-response unit of cognitive behaviour model. The HIGHEST level of sequence unit “Scenes” is composed of known sequence and novel sequence.

The correct choice is (b)

Easy explanation: The act phase introduces new models to INTERNAL STRUCTURES and updates existing model. The addition of new specify-explore-refine model is encapsulated by the STATEMENT . Knowledge ACQUISITION in act phase GENERATES data structures.

Correct choice is (c) Administration of computational resources

To explain I would say: The cognition functions SUPERVISE the computational resources AVAILABLE in a platform. Certain SDR functions such software defined radio forum manager MAY be assigned the task of MANAGEMENT of resources. The appropriate constraints of a resource must be considered before allocation.

Right option is (a) Sigma algebra

The best I can explain: Sigma algebra on a set is a collection of subsets of a set that is closed under complement and closed under countable union. It is also known as measurable space. It is employed in hypothesis management to combine the AMOUNT of belief attached to each event as a FUNCTION of the values allotted to the PROBABILITY of each event.

The CORRECT answer is (d) Mappings

For explanation I would say: The cognitive RADIO access the a PRIORI models using mappings that exist between the word, phrase, dialog, and SCENE levels of the observation phase hierarchy and the encapsulated speech components.

The correct OPTION is (b) Individuals and property ASSERTIONS

Explanation: Ontology in Web Ontology Language is COMPOSED of individuals and property assertions that associate the individuals to each other. The ontology is controlled by AXIOMS that assign constraints on individuals and their RELATIONSHIP.

Right option is (b) It is a family of algorithms that compares new problem instances with instances available in TRAINING

To elaborate: Instance based learning is a family of algorithms that compares new problem instances with instances available in training. Instance based learning builds hypotheses DIRECTLY from training instances. The significance of instance based learning is that hypotheses complexity increases with INCREASE in data.

Correct choice is (d) Channel state

Easy explanation: The INFORMATION services exhibit cognitive behaviour by using a set of design RULES, functions, and components DEFINED by the cognitive radio architecture that allow continuous growth through easy UPDATES. The section of the cognitive architecture responsible for cognitive behaviour consists of INFERENCE hierarchy, cognition cycle, and temporal organisation.

The correct option is (a) True

To explain: The cognition functions SETS up and administers the RADIO resources which INCLUDES hardware resources, SOFTWARE personalities, and function. The allocation of computational resources to applications, interfaces, and functions must be in agreement with the requirements of user communication.

The correct answer is (b) False

For explanation: learns jargon to express connectivity opportunities to cognitive radio in <USER/> TERMS. The NL visual facility is employed for improving user jargon one INSTANCE at a time.

Correct option is (d) Transport

Explanation: An application programming interface is a COMPUTING interface that connects to a software component or a system. Components may ACCESS the API as per the terms presented by the API itself. In software communication architecture, API determines access to the physical layer, to the logical link layer, to the MEDIUM access control layer, to the SECURITY FEATURES, and to the input/output components.

Right option is (c) Topological map

Easy explanation: The PROCESSING components are represented USING topological maps in cognitive RADIO. Input, transformation, reasoning, and projection are few examples of the processing components USED in cognitive radio.

The CORRECT option is (a) Radio resources

The explanation: The act STAGE activates operations with pre-fixed amount of resources and time. The knowledge REPRESENTATION DEPENDS on the radio resources, and radio knowledge being applied to the parameters contributing to the process.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (c) Environment

For explanation: The environment provides the redundancy required to trigger a transfer from short term MEMORY to long term memory. The sleep cycle moderates the transfer and also analyses the contents of short term memory since the LAST sleep cycle.

Correct option is (B) Explicit and axiomatic

For explanation: The cognition functions DEFINE an explicit TOPOLOGICAL model of the world including the users, the RADIO environment, the connecting networks, and the internal structure of the radio. Time, space, frequency, and propagation of signal are clearly defined and the model is therefore axiomatic.

Right option is (C) KNOWLEDGE acquisition

Easy explanation: Availability of knowledge of a certain DEGREE is essential in cognitive radio to extract user knowledge pertaining to information services. The repeated occurrences of similar activity are considered as learning OPPORTUNITIES. This is EXPLOITED by machine learning for incremental knowledge acquisition.

Correct OPTION is (C) RoXen Macro Language

Easiest explanation: RoXen Macro Language is a server scripting language with syntax similar to that of HTML. The functions which impart external communication and internal reasoning in a self-aware radio are implemented using RXML.

Right answer is (b) User INTERFACE function

To explain: The user interface FUNCTIONS use VARIOUS devices such as haptic sensors, acoustic sensors, and VIDEO sensing functions. The haptic sensors get input from buttons, the acoustic sensors parses through recorded voice to interpret the input, and VISUAL perception is employed to use videos as input.

The correct answer is (c) Recognition of user’s outdoors during a snowstorm

To explain I would say: Visual recognition of user’s outdoors during a snowstorm requires additional processing than indoors as several matching cues MIGHT be hidden. This might limit the level of ACCESSIBILITY offered to the user as threshold condition will not be met DUE to reduced NUMBER of matches. Thus special training such as reverse flow of knowledge is required.