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Transmission is a PHYSICAL MOVEMENT of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronization, clock ETC. Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between TWO communication media.

Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronization, clock etc. Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.

1. BROADCAST and
2. point-to-point

A communications PROTOCOL used to CONNECT computers to remote networking services INCLUDING INTERNET SERVICE providers.

A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.

Signals are USUALLY transmitted over some transmission MEDIA that are broadly classified in to two CATEGORIES.

Guided Media: These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and TRANSPORTS signals in the form of light.

Unguided Media: This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical CONDUCTOR. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.

Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.

Guided Media: These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.

Unguided Media: This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.

1. SIMPLEX
2. Half-duplex
3. Full-duplex.

In a base band TRANSMISSION, the entire BANDWIDTH of the CABLE is consumed by a single SIGNAL. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on MULTIPLE frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

In a base band transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

The data unit in the LLC level is CALLED the protocol data unit (PD U). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending MACHINES that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame (U - frame).

The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PD U). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame (U - frame).

• Server-based network
• Peer-to-peer network
• Peer-to-peer network, COMPUTERS can act as both servers sharing RESOURCES and as clients using the resources.
• Server-based NETWORKS provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration.

BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network CABLE in a single line.
Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.

STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and RECONFIGURE and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.

RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages: All computers have equal access to network MEDIA, installation can be simple, and signal does not DEGRADE as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

BUS topology: In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages: Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.

STAR topology: In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages: Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.

RING topology: In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages: All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

When the computers on the network SIMPLY listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as PASSIVE because they don’t AMPLIFY the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - LINEAR bus.

When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus.

A NETWORK in which there are MULTIPLE network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to TRAVEL.

A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.

Repeater: Also CALLED a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the NETWORK before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and PUTS the refreshed copy back in to the link.

Bridges: These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are REPEATERS that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended RECIPIENT and control congestion.

Routers: They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.

Gateways: They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.

Repeater: Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.

Bridges: These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipient and control congestion.

Routers: They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.

Gateways: They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI MODEL and translates information between TWO completely different NETWORK ARCHITECTURES or data formats.

A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats.

HYBRID DEVICES that combine the FEATURES of both bridges and ROUTERS.

Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

A GENERIC term for section of a large NETWORKS usually SEPARATED by a bridge or router.

A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

Series of interface points that allow other computers to COMMUNICATE with the other LAYERS of network PROTOCOL stack.

Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

The FUNCTION of PAD (Packet ASSEMBLER Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the NETWORK, called X.29. TOGETHER, these three recommendations are often called “TRIPLE X”

The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called “triple X”

FRAME RELAY is a PACKET switching TECHNOLOGY. It will operate in the data link LAYER.

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

Telnet is also called as TERMINAL EMULATION. It BELONGS to application LAYER.

Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

The process that ALLOWS a network to self-repair NETWORKS problems. The STATIONS on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. BEACONING is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

REDIRECTOR is software that intercepts file or PRINTS I/O requests and TRANSLATES them into NETWORK requests. This comes under PRESENTATION layer.

Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a REMOTE computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.

NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended USER interface. A transport PROTOCOL DESIGNED by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.

NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

A METHOD for PROVIDING fault tolerance by using MULTIPLE hard DISK DRIVES.

A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

A LAYER of a GLASS surrounding the CENTER FIBER of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

The DEGENERATION of a SIGNAL over distance on a NETWORK CABLE is called ATTENUATION.

The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.

The address for a device as it is identified at the MEDIA Access Control (MAC) LAYER in the NETWORK architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network ADAPTER CARD and is unique.

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.

Bit rate is the number of BITS transmitted during ONE second WHEREAS baud rate refers to the number of signal UNITS per second that are required to represent those bits.

baud rate = bit rate / N
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal SHIFT.

Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.

baud rate = bit rate / N
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

Every LINE has an upper LIMIT and a lower limit on the FREQUENCY of signals it can CARRY. This limited range is called the bandwidth.

Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.

The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called EITHER a SEGMENT or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals ALONG the transmission media.

The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It USES the echo test / reply to test WHETHER a DESTINATION is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.

ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.

The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit lP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the RECEIVER.

The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.

The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit lP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.

The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.

The HEADER should have a minimum LENGTH of 20 BYTES and can have a MAXIMUM length of 60 bytes.

The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.

CLASS A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191 .255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255

Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191 .255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255

The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental PACKET DELIVERY services OFFERED by UDP.

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is reliable and SECURE. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.

The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.

The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.

In a Ethernet network, between any TWO POINTS on the network, there can be no more than five network segments or FOUR repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be POPULATED.

In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.

In TOKEN RING , hub is CALLED Multistation ACCESS Unit(MAU).

In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).

Routable PROTOCOLS can work with a router and can be used to BUILD LARGE networks. Non-Routable protocols are DESIGNED to work on small, LOCAL networks and cannot be used with a router

Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router

It provides a FRAMEWORK for discussing network OPERATIONS and DESIGN.

It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.

ONE of two sublayers of the data LINK LAYER of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are SENDING data across the physical network connection.

One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.

VIRTUAL CHANNEL is normally a CONNECTION from one source to one destination, although MULTICAST connections are also permitted. The other NAME for virtual channel is virtual circuit.

Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.

ALONG any transmission PATH from a given source to a given DESTINATION, a group of virtual circuits can be GROUPED together into what is called path.

Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.

Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some EXTRA functionality. The extra functionality allows every INCOMING or OUTGOING packet to be INSPECTED. PACKETS meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.

Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.

One of the main CAUSES of congestion is that traffic is OFTEN busy. If hosts COULD be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is FORCING the packet to be TRANSMITTED at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.

One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.

SENDING a message to a GROUP is CALLED multicasting, and its ROUTING ALGORITHM is called multicast routing.

Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.

When HIERARCHICAL routing is USED, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each ROUTER knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.

When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.

It is a PROBLEM that can ruin TCP PERFORMANCE. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP ENTITY in large blocks, but an interactive application on the RECEIVING SIDE reads 1 byte at a time.

It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

The most COMMON two LETTER combinations are called as digrams. e.g. TH, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as TRIGRAMS. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.

The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.

Wide-mouth frog is the SIMPLEST known key DISTRIBUTION center (KDC) AUTHENTICATION protocol.

Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.

It is a system that performs a PROTOCOL TRANSLATION between different electronic MAIL DELIVERY PROTOCOLS.

It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols.

It is any ROUTING protocol USED WITHIN an AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM.

It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.