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The root word of federation is the Latin word ‘foedus’.

America is an example for the presidential government.

In this system, the chief executive is directly elected by the people. It is not the part of the legislature.

England is an example of parliamentary government.

In parliamentary form of government executive is the part of legislature and responsible to the legislature.

The word democracy has been derived from the Greek words ‘Demos’ and ‘Kratia’.

Ancient Rome was a example of ancient dictatorship.

To meet the immediate crisis dictators came into existence is called ancient dictatorship.

Once a dictator came to power is desiring to be in the power permanently is called modem dictatorship.

Saddam Hussian of Iraq was an example for modern dictatorship.

The root of the term constitution is the latin word ‘Constituere’.

The administration of our country is carried out through a system of rules.

It is the basic or fundamental law that is stated directly in the Constitution. Therefore, the rules and provisions in the Constitution are the basic or fundamental law of the land. The government is bound to carry out the administration of the country as per the provisions of the Constitution.

• There are differences of history, social structures, culture, traditions, etc., between the countries.
• Similarly, their needs and objectives also might be different.
• Each country tries to create a Constitution that is not only suited to its needs and objectives, but also is in tune with its distinct nature.

There are several advantages of governing a country with the help of rules or provisions included in a Constitution:

(i) The Government has to function within a set of rules. This reduces the possibility of the misuse of the power and authority they have been given.

(ii) A Constitution includes the rights and freedom of the citizens. The Government cannot take away these rights. Therefore, people’s rights and freedoms are safeguarded.

(iii) Running a country as per the provisions of the Constitution is the same as establishing the rule of law, so there is no scope for the misuse of power or high-handed administration.

(iv) If a country is run as per the Constitution, the faith that the common people have in the government increases. They then become more keen on participating in the activities of the government. Democracy is strengthened due to the increased participation of the people.

(v) The Constitution presents some political ideals before the country. The nation is also bound to act in that direction. It creates an atmosphere conducive to attain world peace and security, and preservation of human rights.

(vi) Since the Constitution also includes the list of citizens’ duties, it fixes the responsibility of the citizens as well.

1 – c 

2 – a 

3 – b 

4 – d

• Our country began to be governed according to the provisions of the Constitution from 26^th January, 1950.
• The Indian Republic came into existence from this day.
• Therefore, 26^th January is celebrated as Republic Day.

(i) Our country began to be governed according to the provisions of the Constitution from 26th January, 1950.

(ii) The Indian Republic came into existence from this day. Therefore, 26^th January is celebrated as Republic Day.

Government in modem times have to take decisions related to different issues right from space research to public cleanliness. This is governance.

The Judiciary (Supreme court).

Indian constitution lengthiest constitution in the world.