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C) b is true, a is false

D) nervous and endocrine systems

1. Excess sugar in urine condition is known as diabetes milletus. (sugar diabetes) 

2. Repeated dilute urination is known as diabetes insipidus, (diuretic condition) 

3. Deficiency of insulin causes high level sugar in the blood and urine. It leads to diabetes milletus (Sugar diabetes).

4. Vasopressin maintains osmotic concentration of body fluids. Deficiency of vasopressin causes excessive repeated dilute urination it is called as diabetes insipidus.

(B) Diencephalon

(B) Diencephalon

The white colour inner side of the brain is due to Axons

To prove that our body shows high sensation in different parts. 

Apparatus : Cock feather.

Procedure: Take a cock feather. Touch smoothly at different parts of our body with the cock feather. 

Observation : It is observed that some of the body parts like palms of hands and soles of feet there is less sensation than the other body parts because the skin is thick. Some other parts where the skin is thin, the sensation is more. 

Report: The nerve endings are situated in the skin. These nerve endings are responsible for the sensation of the body.

D) Hypothalamus

Answer is (C) Axons

The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure enclosed within the vertebral column.

(D) A = Sensory nerve, B = Brain

1. It is very interesting and amazing to observe trophic and nastic movements of plants in our surroundings. 

2. For example, the bending of shoots of creepers towards light kept near the window.

3. The plant roots always grow downwards. 

4. The creepers like cucumber and bittergourds develops tendrils in response to contact or touch. 

5. Butterflies fluttering around the flowers for nectar.

Functions of the spinal cord :

1. Spinal cord sends information received from different parts of the body to brain. 

2. Also it sends the information to various parts received from brain. 

3. Spinal cord also play a major role in reflex actions.

(B) pancreas

The information carried by afferent nerve is “scale is falling”. The information carried by the efferent nerve is “to hold the scale”.

The dorsal root of the spinal cord gets signals from afferent nerves.

The nerves, which link together the afferent and efferent nerves are called association nerves.

The sensory nerves in the spinal cord makes connections with other neurons in the grey matter. These neurons are called association neurons or interneurons. The association neurons process the information and generate responses.

Afferent or Sensory nerves: Carry information from the receptor to the association neurons in the spinal cord.

At the ends of these nerves can involuntarily control several functions of regions like internal organs, blood vessels, smooth and cardiac muscles and is called an autonomous nervous system. It has voluntary control of muscles of some areas of skin and the skeletal muscle.

‘sugar diabetes is a condition in which the amount of free sugar in the blood and urine is called of the pancreas.

Neurons present in our digestive tract is named as small brain and the system is called the enteric nervous system.

The organs like heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, kidneys, hand fingers of the body, the nerves go from the ganglions near the vertebral column.

Association nerves: Process the information and generates responses.

Eye, mouth, tongue, salivary glands are the organs receives nerves starting from the brain.

Eye, mouth, tongue, salivary glands are the organs receives nerves starting from the brain.

Autonomous nervous system: Part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the functions of our internal organs

Enteric nervous system: Nervous system is present in the digestive system, independent of the central or peripheral nervous system.

Stomach, intestines, salivary glands, reproductive organs, etc., are influenced by para sympathetic system.

The peripheral nervous system that controls the involuntary actions of the body is called autonomous nervous system.

Eye – pupil, heart, lungs, blood vessels, sweat glands, digestive tract, kidneys, penis are the organs influenced by the sympathetic nervous system.

Cerebrospinal fluid: Fluid present between the inner and middle layers. Protects the brain from mechanical shocks.

Insulin: It Is the hormone produced by islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. It regulates sugar levels in the blood. Its deficiency results in diabetes mellitus.

D) chain of ganglia on either side of vertebral column and associated nerves

Peripheral nervous system: The nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord. Its main function is to connect the central nervous system to the limbs and organs.

Peripheral nervous system consists of nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord. 12 pairs of cranial nerves from brain and 31 pairs of spiral nerves from spinal card together called peripheral nervous system.

(D) Both are false

Number of peripheral nerves is 43 pairs.

1. Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin performed some experiments on phototropism. 

2. They covered the terminal portion of the tip of stem (coleoptile) with a cylinder of metal foil. 

3. Exposed the plant to light coming from the side. 

4. The characteristic bending of the seedling did not occur. 

5. If light was permitted to penetrate the cylinder, bending occurred normally.

6. They concluded that when seedlings are freely exposed to a lateral light some influence is transmitted from upper to the lower part causing the material to bend.

1. The different types of tropisms found in plants are phototropism, geotropism, chemotropism, hydrotropism and thigmotropism. 

2. Different stimulus and type of tropism. 

Stimulus Type of tropism 

Light – Phototropism 

Gravity – Geotropism 

Chemical substance – Chemotropism 

Water – Hydrotropism Touch – Thigmotropism

1. Response of a plant towards chemicals is known as chemotropism. 

2. If we taste the carpel of a flower, it is sweet. 

3. Butterflies flutter on flowers for nectar. 

4. Ripen stigma secretes sugary substance. 

5. This chemical substance stimulates the pollen grain which falls on the stigma. 

6. Pollen grains respond to this stimulus as pollen tubes grow to reach the ovule for fertilization.

1. Plant growth substances are the chemical (organic) substances which are produced in plants and act at minute concentration on growth and other phisiological functions of plants.

2. There are five major types of plant growth substances. They are auxins, Gibberellins, cytokinins, Ethylene and Abscisic Acid.

They are also referred to as plant growth substances, phytohormones or plant hormones. Based on their action, they are broadly classified as follows: Plant Growth Promoters – They promote cell division, cell enlargement, flowering, fruiting and seed formation. Examples are auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins.

Double Salt: 

1. A double salt is’ a compound prepared by the combination of two different salt components. 

2. Completely dissociate into its ions in water. 

3. Give simple ions when added to water. 

4. It can be easily analyzed by determining the ions present in the aqueous solution.

Example : Potash alum K₂SO₄ . Al₂(SO₄)₃ . 24H₂O

Coordination compounds (Complex salt): 

1. A complex salt is a compound composed of a central metal atom having coordination bonds with ligands around it. 

2. Do not completely dissociate into its ions in water. 

3. Do not give simple ions. 

4. It cannot be easily analyzed by determining the ions in the aqueous solution.

Example: Potassium ferro cyanide e K₄[Fe(CN)₆]

Triamminetrinitrito – K NCobalt (III

The d orbitals involved in d sp hybridization are d_x²-y² , d_z

The coordination number of Pt in [Pt (NO₂) (H₂O) (NH₃)₂ ] Br is 4.

(b) Ionisation isomerism

4 is the coordination number of Pt in [Pt(NO₂) (H₂O)(NH₃)₂]Br.

In [Ni (en)₃]Cl₂ , the coordination number of Fe²⁺ is 6.

The coordination number of Ni²⁺ in [Ni(en) ₃]Cl₂ 6.