Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

• A data compression technique, which reverts an EXACT COPY of original file.
• Lossless Source Coding is used for COMPRESSING TEXT files in modems.
• Lossless Source Coding is a building block for designing lossy compressors.
• Lossy compression is implemented for images, sound and video files for effective data compression.
• MANY compression techniques have a lossless mode.
• The lossless source coding involves a sequence of fixed length symbols.
• Each of these symbols is easily manipulated independently.

• A code that maps SOURCE SYMBOLS into a set of VARIABLE number of bits.
• A VL code compresses the sources and decompresses with zero error.
• By implementing a right coding strategy, an identically distributed source MIGHT be compressed almost CLOSE to its entropy.
• This process is in contrast to fixed length coding methods.
• Examples of variable-length codes are Huffman coding, LempelZiv code.

• Data SYMBOLS are encoded with CODING schemes for FIXED length codes.
• Every coding scheme has unique code.
• This unique encoded character ensures unambiguous.
• The encoded strings have fixed length.
• The fixed length codes are always UNIQUELY decipherable.

1. Information Theory is about quantification of information.
2. It is used in compressing data.
3. ENTROPY is a key measure of information.
4. It is EXPRESSED in terms of AVERAGE number of bits that are required to STORE a message.
5. Entropy is used to quantify the uncertainty which is a process in predicting the random variable values.
6. Lossless data compression, Lossy data compression and CHANNEL coding are the fundamental topics of information theory.

• The non-binary Hoffman code elements are derived from an alphabet ’m’ is > 2 letters.
• All the symbols ‘m’ which occur LEAST frequently will be having the same LENGTH.
• The lowest probability of the symbols ‘m’ will differ only in the last position.
• The letters that combine have code words of the same length.
• The symbols that have lowest probability will have code words with long length.

• Silence COMPRESSION is used in compressing sound files.
• It is equivalent to run length CODING on normal data files.

The PARAMETERS are:

1. A threshold value. It is a parameter that specifies, below which the compression can be CONSIDERED as silence.
2. A silence code followed by a SINGLE byte. It indicates the numbers of consecutive silence codes are present.
3. To specify the start of a run of silence, which is a threshold.

The parameters are:

• Distortion THEORY is about trade-offs between the rate and distortion.
• It is APPLIED for compression SCHEMES.
• An average number of bits are utilized to represent each sample value.
• If the rate of bits is decreased it is known as increase in distortion.
• If the rate of bits to represent each value is increased it is known decrease in distortion.

Huffman CODING:

• An entropy encoding algorithm.
• It uses variable length code table for encoding source symbol. 

Shannon Fano Coding:

• It is used to construct a prefix code that is based on a SET of symbols.
• It suboptimal. The lowest expected code word length will not be achieved.

Arithmetic Coding:

• A variable-length entropy encoding form.
• It is used for IMPLEMENTING loss less data compression.
• FEWER bits are OCCUPIED when frequently used characters are represented. More bits are occupied when not-so-frequently used characters are represented.

Huffman Coding:

Shannon Fano Coding:

Arithmetic Coding:

Sub Band Coding:

• Sub Band Coding(SBC) is a transform coding.
• A transform code can break a signal that may result in MANY different ‘frequency bands’.
• Every transform code is encoded independently.
• Most of the time, it is used for compressing AUDIO and video SIGNALS.

Wavelet Based Compression:

• It is a process where a well defined temporal support for ‘wiggles’ about X-axis.
• The inner-product of the input signal is MULTIPLIED with a set of ortho-normal basis functions.
• Then the COEFFICIENTS are computed by this inner-product.

Sub Band Coding:

Wavelet Based Compression:

1. They are CLASSIFIED based on the requirements of reconstruction and COMPRESSION of DATA.
2. They are Lossy Compression and LOSSLESS Compression.

• Vector QUANTIZATION has quantizes as inputs and OUTPUTS.
• The vector quantization RESULTS in a DISTORTION rate.
• This rate is lower than the SCALAR quantization.

1. Companded QUANTIZATION maps the input through compressor function.
2. This function expands the probability to the high level regions.
3. These regions are close to the origin.
4. These regions are compresses the CORRESPONDING lower probability regions that are away from the origin.
5. The output of Companded Quantization is resulted by using uniform quantizer.
6. An EXPANDER function is USED to transform the quantized VALUE.

1. A PREFIX code is a code which does not require code WORD as a prefix to ANOTHER code word.
2. Huffman code is an example for Prefix Code.

1. It is not simple to use a SINGLE model to describe the source in many APPLICATIONS.
2. In these SCENARIOS, a composite source model is USED.
3. Composite Source Model uses only one source.
4. Only single source is activated at a GIVEN point of time.

• PREFIX coding is known as optimum coding.
• More frequently occurred symbols have shorter code words.
• LESS frequently occurred symbols have longer code words.
• The less occurred frequently symbols will have EQUAL length.
• Optimum prefix codes enhance the EFFICIENCY of data COMPRESSION.

1. The source output is divided into various blocks of data.
2. Every block is analyzed prior to quantization.
3. As per the block analyses, the quantizer parameters are set.
4. These SETTINGS are transmitted later to the RECEIVER.
5. The transmitted settings are SERVED as side information at the receiver END.

1. It is one of the static dictionary coding forms.
2. The dictionary consists all of the letters of the source alphabet.
3. These letters are FOLLOWED by many pair of letters. These are KNOWN as Digrams.
4. Two character input is READ by digram encoder.
5. The dictionary is searched by the encoder for the existence of inputs.
6. If input exists, the INDEX is encoded and TRANSMITTED.

• The sequence encoding in the look AHEAD buffer is encoded in this technique.
• The encoding ID DONE by moving the encoder to a search pointer.
• The search pointer is through until a match to the FIRST SYMBOL is encountered.
• This symbol is available in the look ahead buffer.
• The actual distance between the pointer and the look ahead buffer is known as offset.

Progressive Transmission:

• A low resolution of an image is SENT FIRST. 
• IT needs only few bits for the purpose of encoding.
• The image is then updated to the required FIDELITY.
• This is done by transmitting more information.

Lossless CHANNEL:

• The lossless channel is described by a channel matrix.
• It is described with only one non-zero element in each COLUMN.
• During transmission, no source information is lost.

Progressive Transmission:

Lossless Channel:

1. VOCODERS stands for Voice Coders.
2. Synthetic sound is reproduced with artificial quality.
3. Vocoders transmit SIGNALS with low bit rate, usually in the range of 1.2 to 2.4 KB.
4. Model PARAMETERS are used by the receiver along with the transmitted parameters.
5. Model parameters then synthesizes the approximation to the source output.
6. The channel vocoders are LINEAR predictive coders and code excited linear prediction.

1. FORWARD ADAPTIVE QUANTIZATION
2. BACKWARD Adaptive Quantization.

1. GRANULAR ERROR
2. SLOPE over LOAD error.

1. A CODE should be decodable.
2. The code WORDS are shorter than the letters which OCCUR less frequently, has code WORD letters that occur more frequently.

1. File compression is a process to reduce the disk space to store that file.
2. File compression enables data to be TRANSFERRED quickly.
3. Disk space needed on INTERNET servers is reduced. This allows the servers to store more files / information with less disk space.
4. File compression REDUCES the amount of time on internet to upload or download a file.
5. Compression hides data so that not all COMPUTERS can READ the information stored.
6. File compression is a mandatory preference for some of the internet servers to transfer files.