Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

Cattle breeds: The Indian cattle include cows and buffaloes. They are domesticated for milk, meat, leather and transportation. They belong to two different species, Bos indicus (Indian cows and bulls) and Bos bubalis (buffaloes). These cattle animals are reared for milk and farm labour.

They are classified into three types:

1. Dairy breeds, 

2. Draught (or) Draft breeds, 

3. Dual-purpose breeds

Dairy breeds: Dairy animals are domesticated for obtaining milk. The cows (milk producing females) are high milk yielders (milch animals). 

The dairy breeds may be indigenous breeds (or) exotic breeds.

• Indigenous breeds are native of India. They include Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Deoni and Gir. These cattle are well built with strong limbs, prominent hump and loose skin. These local breed animals show excellent resistant to diseases.
• The exotic breeds (Bos taurus) are imported from foreign countries. They include Jersey, Brown Swiss and Holstein-Friesian etc. These foreign breeds are selected for long lactation periods. The Indian (local) breeds and foreign breeds can be cross bred to produce animals with both desired qualities.

Draught (or) Draft breeds: They are used for agricultural work, such as tilling, irrigation and carting. These include Amritmahal,Kangayam, Umblachery, Malvi, Siri and Hallikar breeds. Bullocks are good draft animals while the cows are poor milk yielders.

Dual-purpose breeds: These breeds provide milk and they are useful for farm work. In India these breeds are favoured by farmers as the cows are fairly good milk yielders and bullocks are good for draught work. They includes Haryana, Ongole, Kankrej and Tharparkar.

Buffalo breeds: In India, buffaloes are domesticated in great number. They are the main milk producers. The milk production of buffaloes is more than that of cows. Murrah, Mehsana and Surti are indigenous buffalo breeds which are good milk yielders.

Materials required for vermicomposting Biologically degradable organic wastes are used as potential organic resources for vermicomposting. 

They are:

• Agricultural wastes (crop residue, vegetable waste, sugarcane trash)
• Crop residues (rice straw, tea wastes, cereal and pulse residues, rice husk, tobacco wastes, coir wastes)
• Leaf litter
• Fruit and vegetable waste
• Animal wastes (cattle dung, poultry droppings, pig slurry, goat and sheep droppings)
• Bio gas slurry

1. (c) Shellfish 

2. (e) Finfish 

3. (a) Marine fish 

4. (b) Pearl 

5. (d) Paddy 

6. (g) Oyster mushroom 

7. (h) Reserpine 

8. (i) Vegetable farming 

9. (f) Psoriasis

Green manure is obtained by collection and decomposition of green leaves, twigs of trees, shrubs and herbs growing in wastelands, field bunds etc. Green manure improves soil structure, increases water holding capacity and decreases soil loss by erosion. It also helps in reclamation of alkaline soils and reduces weed proliferation. It is a manure obtained from undecomposed green material derived from leguminous plants e.g. Sunhemp, Dhaincha, etc.

Hydroponics is the method of growing plants without soil, using mineral nutrient solutions in water. The containers are made of glass, metal or plastic. They range in size from small pots for individual plants to huge tank for large scale growing. It was demonstrated by a German Botanist Julius Von Sachs in 1980. Hydroponics is successfully employed for the commercial production of seedless cucumber and tomato.

Plants are suspended with their roots submerged in water that contain plant nutrients. The roots absorb water and nutrients, but do not perform the anchoring function. Therefore, the plants must be mechanically supported from above. 

Importance of hydroponics:

• Conservation of water and nutrients.
• Controlled plant growth.
• In deserts and Arctic regions hydroponics can be an effective alternative method.

1. Olericulture 

2. soil conditioner 

3. Rhizobium 

4. Azotobacter

5. mushroom 

6. paddy straw

Cultivable freshwater and marine food fishes are highly nutritious, rich source of animal proteins and are easily digestible. They are rich in essential amino acids such as lysine and methionine, minerals like calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Fat soluble vitamins A, D and water soluble B-complex vitamins like pyridoxine, cyanocobalamine and niacin ate found in fishes. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) which are helpful in regulation of cholesterol are present in plenty in fishes and thus promote cardiac health.

1. True

2. False.

Correct Statement: Pasturage is the availability of flowers to bees for nectar and pollen collection.

3. False.

Correct Statement: Binomial name of Nilavembu is Andrographis paniculata.

4. True 

5. True.

(b) Earthworms

(c) Concentrates

Concentrates are low in fibre and contain high level of carbohydrates, protein and other nutrients. A variety of raw materials such as cholam (jowar), kambu (pearl millet), ragi (finger millet), rice bran, wheat bran, cotton seed cake, mustard cake, linseed cake, groundnut cake, mango seed, neem cake and yellu (sesame) cake can be used to make concentrate feed. The concentrates are fed at the time of milking. This helps in ‘let down’ of milk. 

The daily average feed ratio of a milking cow is:

1. 15-25 kg of roughage (dry grass and green fodder)

2. 4-5 kg of grain mixture 

3. 100-150 litres of water

For a cow that gives above 2.5 kg milk yield per day, 1 kg of concentrate feed should be given for every additional milk yield.

Vermicomposting methods can range from a wormbin in the kitchen for household scraps to large mechanized systems, which can be able to accommodate tons of organic material. 

In general these methods are of the following types:

• Bin (or) Container method
• Vermicomposting of organic wastes in field pits
• Vermicomposting of organic wastes on ground heaps

Bin method: Vermicomposting by bin method is the rearing of earthworms in a container or bin. The container is half filled with bedding materials such as shredded cardboard, leaves, paddy husk, chopped straw, saw dust and manure. Small quantity of soil and sand is added to provide necessary grit for the worms. The bedding material should be moistened by adding water that enables free movements of the worms. The worms are gently placed and spread evenly on the bedding.

Organic wastes (kitchen wastes, vegetable and fruit wastes) are added which are fed by the earthworms. The bin is covered with coconut leaves or gunny bags to conserve moisture, provide darkness and keep out of pests. After a period of 60 days the wastes are completely transformed into nutrient-rich materials that are excreted by earthworms known as worm castings.

These castings are harvested and used as organic manure.

(a) brood cells

There are three types of individuals in a colony namely the Queen bee, the drones and the worker bees.

1. Queen Bee: The queen is the largest member and the fertile female of the colony. They are formed from fertile eggs. The queen is responsible for laying eggs in a colony. The life span of the queen bee is 3-4 years.

2. Drones: They are the fertile males. They develop from unfertilized eggs. They are larger than the workers and smaller than the queens. Their main function is to fertilize the eggs produced by the queen.

3. Worker Bees: They are sterile female bees and are the smallest members of the colony. Their function is to collect honey,ook after the young ones, clean the comb, defend the hive and maintain the temperature of the bee hive.

(b) Hydroponics

(c) Mycorhizae

Drying and Vacuum Cooling are some methods used to preserve mushroom.

The plant body of mushroom is Leaf.

The plant body of mushroom is Leaf.

(b) fertilized egg

(a) Holstein- Friesan

Correct Answer is: (b) Jersey

(a) Dairy farming

Correct Answer is: (c) Sahiwal

1. Cinchona officinalis

2. Apiculture

3. earthworms

4. Aquaculture

5. F

6. Formic acid

7. Polyculture

1. False.

Correct Statement: Mycorrhiza is a fungi

2. False.

Correct Statement: Milch animals are domesticated for obtaining only milk.

3. False.

Correct Statement: Apis Florea is a little bee

4. False.

Correct Statement: Ongole is a dualpurpose breed of cattle

5. True.

1. Cinchona officinalis

2. Apiculture

3. earthworms

4. Aquaculture

5. F

6. Formic acid

7. Polyculture

1. False.

Correct Statement: Mycorrhiza is a fungi

2. False.

Correct Statement: Milch animals are domesticated for obtaining only milk.

3. False.

Correct Statement: Apis Florea is a little bee

4. False.

Correct Statement: Ongole is a dualpurpose breed of cattle

5. True.

Spawn is the mushroom seed. It is prepared by growing fungal mycelium in grains under sterile conditions. Spawning is the sowing or planting of spawn on compost.

Aquaponics is a system of a combination of conventional aquaculture with hydroponics in a symbiotic environment in which plants are fed with the aquatic animals excreta or wastes.

Aquaculture is classified into; 

1. Freshwater aquaculture 

2. Brackish water aquaculture 

3. Marine water aquaculture (Mariculture)

• It is a rich source of nutrients essential for plant growth. It makes the soil fertile.
• It improves soil structure, texture, aeration and water holding capacity and helps to prevent soil erosion.
• It contains valuable vitamins, enzymes and growth regulator substances for increasing growth, vigour and yield of plants.
• It enhances decomposition of organic matter in soil.
• Vermicompost is free from pathogens and toxic elements.
• Vermicompost is rich in beneficial microflora.

Hydroponics was demonstrated by a German Botanist Julius Von Sachs in 1980. 

Advantages:

• Crops can be grown in places where the land is limited, doesn’t exist, or is heavily contaminated.
• The climate – temperature, humidity, light intensification, the composition of the air can be monitored.
• Conservation of water and nutrients. 
• Controlled plant growth. 
• No intrusion by weeds.
• Fewer pests & diseases 
• Minimal use of insecticide or herbicides
• In deserts and Arctic regions hydroponics can be an effective alternative method.
• Hydroponics is successfully employed for the commercial production of seedless cucumber and tomato.

Vegetable farming can be classified into: 

1. Kitchen or Nutrition gardening, 

2. Commercial gardening, 

3. Vegetable forcing.

Among the vast community of earthworms only very few species can be used for vermicompost production. They are Perionyx excavatus (Indian blueworm), Eisenia fetida (Red worms), Eudrilus eugeniae (African night crawler).

(c) Kitchen gardening

(d) Singhara

Biomanure also knwon as organic manures, are predominantly derived from plant debris, animal faeces and microbes. They make the soil fertile by adding nutrients like nitrogen. They are ecofriendly. Biomanure is easy to generate and very economical. Some examples of biomanure are Animal manure, Vermicompost and Green Manure.

In agriculture there are risks beyond one’s control. Hence precautionary measures are to be considered to control damage faced by farmers. Farmers who take crop insurance protect their crop and families from unforeseen setbacks. 

The advantages of crop insurance are,

1. Stability in Income 

2. Minimal Debts

3. Farmers can safely invest on new technological advancements to improve their crop production. 

4. Protection against loss of crops 

5. Provides Awareness on natural calamities and the preventive measures to be taken

(a) Apis mellifera

The cell is formed in a sheet of wax. The hexagonal shape allows to hold the queen bee’s eggs and store the pollen and honey the worker bees bring to the hive.

(d) Apis adamsoni

Uses of Honey

• Honey has an antiseptic and antibacterial property. It is a blood purifier.
• It helps in building up of haemoglobin content in the blood.
• It is used in Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicines.
• It prevents cough, cold, fever and relieves sore throat.
• It is a remedy for ulcers of tongue, stomach and intestine.
• It enhances digestion and appetite.