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Right OPTION is (c) Atmosphere

To explain: The atmosphere is the reservoir for the gaseous type of nutrient cycle. It MAY also OCCUR in the hydrosphere. It CONSISTS of nutrient cycles of elements such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, WATER, nitrogen, etc.

Correct option is (d) Storage and TRANSFER of nutrients

The best I can explain: NUTRIENT cycling is the MOVEMENT of various elements or nutrients throughout an ecosystem. It INVOLVES the storage and transfer of nutrients WITHIN an ecosystem so that they are repeatedly used.

Correct answer is (b) Gaseous cycle

To explain: NUTRIENT cycling is the MOVEMENT of VARIOUS elements or nutrients throughout an ECOSYSTEM. The nutrient cycle is alternatively called the biogeochemical cycle. It means cycling of air, water, and soil within the LIVING organisms of an ecosystem.

Right CHOICE is (b) Standing state

The BEST I can EXPLAIN: The standing state is the amount of nutrients PRESENT in the soil at any given TIME. These nutrients include various minerals, compounds, and elements. It varies with changing ecosystem and season.

Correct answer is (c) Nutrient cycling

To explain I would SAY: Nutrients are the chemical compounds that organisms require to GROW, reproduce and regulate VARIOUS BODY functions. Nutrient cycling is the movement of various ELEMENTS or nutrients throughout an ecosystem.

The CORRECT OPTION is (d) Recycle

Explanation: Nutrients are the chemical COMPOUNDS that organisms require to grow, REPRODUCE and regulate various body functions. Recycling and indefinite use of nutrients are done which are never lost from the ecosystems.

Right CHOICE is (a) Standing state

Easiest explanation: The standing state is the AMOUNT of NUTRIENTS present in the soil at any given time. These nutrients include various minerals, compounds, and elements such as carbon, phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium, ETC.

Correct OPTION is (b) NUTRIENTS

The best explanation: Nutrients are the chemical compounds that organisms require to GROW, reproduce and regulate various BODY functions. Maximum nutrients are obtained from FRUITS and vegetables.

Correct option is (c) Lichens → MOSSES → Herbs → Shrubs → Forest

For explanation I would SAY: The sequence of successional stages occurring on bare rocks is known as xerarch succession. It MOSTLY starts with the INVASION of lichens and ends with the formation of the forest. The pioneering species grow with time leading to a formation of a CLIMAX community called a forest.

Right choice is (a) Increase and the decrease

The explanation: Ecological succession is the GRADUAL change in the species composition of a GIVEN area which can be predicted. Biomass is the total ORGANIC material required for ENERGY production.

Correct CHOICE is (d) Climax community

To elaborate: The changes in the community are constant, ORDERLY and sequential. These changes lead to the FORMATION of a STABLE, self-perpetuating and final BIOTIC community that developed during the end of biotic succession known as a climax community.

The correct option is (b) Desert area

To EXPLAIN: The sequence of successional stages OCCURRING on bare rocks is known as xerarch SUCCESSION. It occurs in an area where there is LESS amount of moisture. It is MOSTLY observed in the desert area.

The correct choice is (b) Forest

To explain: The SEQUENCE of successional stages occurring on bare rocks is known as XERARCH succession. The shrub stage is replaced by a forest in a xerarch succession. The TREES found in the forest are ACACIA, Prosopis, Boswellia, ETC.

Correct choice is (c) The ORGANISMS of the FIRST seral stage

To explain I would say: The first biotic community to INVADE a bare land or AREA is known as the pioneer community. These are the organisms of the first seral stage. They further grow and expand to FORM a climax community.

The correct answer is (C) Shrubs

The best explanation: The sequence of successional STAGES occurring on BARE ROCKS is known as xerarch succession. The herbaceous plants are replaced by the shrubs in a xerarch succession. Some examples of shrubs are Phytocarpus, Rhus, etc.

Correct option is (d) Lichens

The explanation is: The SEQUENCE of SUCCESSIONAL STAGES occurring on bare rocks is known as xerarch succession. In a xerarch succession, the pioneering species lichens release ACIDS to dissolve rocks. This helps in weathering and soil formation.

The correct option is (c) Lichens

For explanation: The first biotic COMMUNITY to invade a bare land or area is KNOWN as the pioneer community. In a XERARCH succession, lichens in the TEMPERATE region act as pioneering species. Some examples of lichens are Rinodina, Lecanora, Parmelia, etc.

Right CHOICE is (d) XERARCH succession

Explanation: The sequence of successional stages OCCURRING on bare ROCKS is known as xerarch succession. It is also known as xerosere and starts in a newly formed rocky area.

Right answer is (b) Hydric

Easiest explanation: The habitat having an EXCESS of HYDRATION is KNOWN as a hydric habitat. They have wet SOILS and are characterized by an abundance of moisture. Wetland area is an example of a hydric habitat.

Right option is (a) XERIC

The explanation: The habitat having too much dryness is known as a xeric habitat. It is DEFICIENT in moisture and is CHARACTERIZED by limited water availability. Desert region is an EXAMPLE of a xeric habitat.

Correct option is (b) Mesic

Easy EXPLANATION: Mesic MEANS an area having a MODERATE or well-balanced supply of moisture. The hydrarch, as well as XERARCH SUCCESSION finally leads to the formation of a mesic community. It is neither to wet nor too dry.

The correct ANSWER is (b) Phytoplanktons → Rooted-submerged plants → Rooted-floating angiosperms → Free-floating plants → Reed-swamp → Marsh-meadow → Scrub → Forest

Easiest explanation: The sequence of successional stages OCCURRING in water is known as hydrarch succession or hydrosere. It MOSTLY starts from phytoplanktons and ends with the formation of a forest. The pioneering SPECIES grow with time leading to a formation of a climax community called a forest.

The correct OPTION is (b) Mesic

Explanation: The hydrarch succession finally leads to the formation of a mesic community. It CONSISTS of a moderate or well-balanced SUPPLY of moisture. Few examples of mesic habitat are streamsides, wet meadows, springs, irrigated fields, etc.

Right ANSWER is (c) Land

The explanation: The sequence of successional STAGES occurring in water is known as HYDRARCH succession or hydrosere. The hydrarch succession finally leads to the formation of a mesic COMMUNITY while the water BODY with time is converted into the land.

The correct ANSWER is (d) Trees

The best I can explain: The sequence of successional stages occurring in water is known as HYDRARCH succession or HYDROSERE. The WOODLAND stage in a hydrarch succession is replaced by the trees. This results in the formation of a forest.

The correct option is (d) Marsh-meadow

The BEST EXPLANATION: The sequence of SUCCESSIONAL stages occurring in water is known as hydrarch SUCCESSION or hydrosere. The reed-swamp with time is REPLACED by the marsh-meadow in a hydrarch succession. Some examples of the marsh-meadow plants areCaltha, Gallium, Mentha, Cicuta, etc.

Correct option is (b) The reed-swamp

Best explanation: The sequence of successional STAGES occurring in water is known as hydrarch SUCCESSION or hydrosere. The free-floating plants with time are replaced by the reed-swamp in a hydrarch succession. Some examples of the reed-swamp plants are Bothrioclova, Phragmites (Reed), Typha, ETC.

Correct choice is (c) Free-floating plants

To elaborate: The sequence of successional stages OCCURRING in water is KNOWN as HYDRARCH succession or hydrosere. The rooted-floating angiosperms with TIME are replaced by free-floating plants in a hydrarch succession. Some examples of the floating plants are PISTIA, Nymphaea, Pistia, Nymphaea, etc.

Correct ANSWER is (d) Rooted-floating ANGIOSPERMS

Explanation: The sequence of successional stages occurring in water is known as HYDRARCH succession or hydrosere. The rooted-submerged PLANTS with time are replaced by rooted-floating angiosperms. An example of a rooted-floating angiosperm is water lily.

The CORRECT option is (a) Hydrarch succession

Easiest explanation: The sequence of SUCCESSIONAL stages occurring in water is known as hydrarch succession or hydrosere. It USUALLY starts with the colonization of small phytoplanktons. These ORGANISMS ACT as the pioneering species in hydrosere.

Right ANSWER is (b) Rooted-submerged plants

The EXPLANATION: A hydrarch succession starts with the colonization of SMALL phytoplanktons. These phytoplanktons, later with time are replaced by rooted-submerged plants in a hydrarch succession. Some examples of the rooted-submerged plants are CERATOPHYLLUM, Chara, Elodia, Potamogeton, etc.

Right CHOICE is (d) Secondary succession

To EXPLAIN: The species in the above example follow a secondary succession. A biological succession OCCURRING in the BARREN area where there, once LIFE existed is known as secondary succession.

The correct option is (b) Transitional community

For explanation I would say: The community OCCUPYING intermediate PLACE or DEVELOPING between the pioneering and climax communities is called a transitional community. Seral communities are the individual transitional communities of a sere that DEVELOP in that area during the succession.

Right OPTION is (B) Climax community

The EXPLANATION is: The changes in the community are constant, orderly and SEQUENTIAL. These changes LEAD to the formation of a stable, self-perpetuating and final biotic community that developed during the end of biotic succession known as a climax community.

The CORRECT answer is (a) Secondary SUCCESSION

To explain: A biological succession occurring in the barren area where there, once life EXISTED is known as secondary succession. For example the biological succession in a burnt or cut FOREST, flood lands, etc.

Right choice is (d) Primary succession

Easy explanation: A biological succession (growth of living organisms) occurring on a previously unoccupied or bare land is known as primary succession. For EXAMPLE the biological succession in a NEWLY created pond, rocky area, DELTAS, etc.

Right answer is (c) Biotic, physicochemical and geographical FACTORS

To EXPLAIN I would say: Many factors are responsible for making changes in the biotic community. Various biotic, physicochemical and geographical factors influence a biotic community. These changes may lead to an INCREASE or decrease in the NUMBER of species.

The correct choice is (d) Successive

The best explanation: The successively CHANGING sequence of communities in a GIVEN area is known as a sere. The seral stages are successive when there is an increase in the NUMBER of species, change in the diversity of species and an increase in the TOTAL BIOMASS.