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Correct OPTION is (c) SECONDARY productivity

The best EXPLANATION: The rate of production of new organic matter by heterotrophic organisms (consumers) is called secondary productivity. The secondary producers feed on PRIMARY consumers to fulfill their energy requirements.

The correct OPTION is (b) Amount of energy DECREASES

Easy explanation: The movement of food energy from herbivores to carnivores and to the next organism leads to loss of some energy, i.e. the amount of energy decreases. The amount of energy TRANSFERRED from ORGANIC matter in a food chain from one trophic level to another is 10 PERCENT.

The correct CHOICE is (C) Number of individuals at lower trophic level

Easy EXPLANATION: The number of individuals in each trophic level depends on the number of individuals at present in the lower trophic level. Producers are always more in number than all the CONSUMERS. Tertiary consumers are present in the least number.

Correct CHOICE is (d) T4

Easy EXPLANATION: A lion is an ULTIMATE or a top-level carnivore. Lion being a TERTIARY consumer belongs to the fourth trophic level.

Right choice is (a) Shorter

For explanation I would say: A FOOD CHAIN should be shorter so that a greater amount of energy is available for top consumers. Since more and more energy is LOST while GOING to the next trophic level, the shorter food chain is more efficient because LESS energy is lost to the surroundings.

Right option is (d) PHOTOSYNTHESIS

For explanation: Photosynthesis is the phenomenon responsible for the initiation of a food chain. Photosynthesis is a process in which PRODUCERS (green plants) in the presence of CO2, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll YIELD energy and oxygen is released in the form of gas.

Correct answer is (c) Autotrophs

Explanation: The autotrophs (producers) CONTAIN the maximum AMOUNT of energy. Producers are organisms that MAKE their own food with the HELP of energy OBTAINED from chemicals or the sun, water, and air. They are also known as autotrophs.

Correct answer is (d) Raymond Lindemann

For EXPLANATION I would SAY: The amount of energy transferred from organic matter in a food chain from one trophic LEVEL to another is 10 percent. This is stated in a law known as ‘10% law’. It was GIVEN by Raymond Lindemann in 1942.

Correct OPTION is (c) 10%

Easiest explanation: The amount of ENERGY transferred from organic matter in a food CHAIN from one trophic level to another is 10 PERCENT. In a food chain, some amount of energy is consumed by the organism itself, some energy is transferred to another organism while the energy not utilized is lost in the form of heat.

The CORRECT choice is (b) 10 percent law

To explain: The amount of energy transferred from organic matter in a FOOD chain from one trophic level to another is 10 percent. This is stated in a law known as ‘10% law’. It TELLS that the energy transferred from organic matter is stored in the form of FLESH.

Correct choice is (c) Carnivores

Easiest explanation: The carnivores are the ORGANISMS that primarily and EXCLUSIVELY feed on other animals (herbivore or CARNIVORE) for energy. They may OCCUPY 2-3 trophic levels in an ECOSYSTEM.

Right answer is (d) Predator FOOD chain

Explanation: A food chain CONSISTING of autotrophs (producers), heterotrophs, and CARNIVORES (CONSUMERS) is known as a grazing food chain. It is alternatively known as the predator food chain. It is the most common food chain and is DESIGNATED as GFC.

Right answer is (c) Organisms LINKED in the FOOD chain

Explanation: The STEP or division that organisms OCCUPY in a food chain that is characterized by the method of obtaining their nutrition to fulfill their energy requirements is known as a trophic level. VARIOUS organisms linked in the food chain form trophic levels in an ecosystem.

The correct answer is (b) 0.02%

To elaborate: The amount of sunlight, out of total sunlight reaching on the Earth used for PHOTOSYNTHESIS is 0.02 percent. Photosynthesis is a process in which producers (green plants) in the presence of CO2, water, sunlight, and chlorophyll yield ENERGY and oxygen is released in the form of GAS.

Correct answer is (a) Grazing FOOD CHAIN

To elaborate: A food chain CONSISTING of autotrophs (producers), heterotrophs, and CARNIVORES (consumers) is known as a grazing food chain. It is the most COMMON food chain and is designated as GFC.

Correct answer is (d) Detritus food chain

To elaborate: A food chain beginning with detritus on which decomposers feed is KNOWN as the Detritus food chain (DFC). The organisms that are RESPONSIBLE for the break down complex organic matter (dead or DECAYING organisms) into inorganic substances are CALLED decomposers (detritivores).

Right option is (c) Parasites

The best I can explain: Parasites are the organisms that do not have any fixed trophic LEVELS. This is because they feed PRODUCERS (autotrophs), HERBIVORES as well as carnivores (consumers) of different trophic levels, e.g. Cuscuta, ticks, LEECHES, mosquitoes, etc.

Correct option is (b) AUXILLIARY food CHAIN

Explanation: The food chain BEGINNING with host and ENDING with a parasite (ecto as well as endoparasite) is called a parasitic food chain. It is ALTERNATIVELY called an auxiliary food chain.

Right choice is (b) Decomposers

Best explanation: The decomposers OCCUPY the LAST trophic level that is T6. It is also known as the DETRITUS trophic level. They are the last ORGANISMS belonging to a food CHAIN.

Correct answer is (C) Number of divisions in a food chain

To explain I would say: The step or division that organisms occupy in a food chain that is characterized by the method of obtaining their nutrition to fulfill their energy REQUIREMENTS is KNOWN as a trophic level. The number of trophic levels is equivalent to the number of divisions in a food chain.

Right answer is (a) Trophic level

The best explanation: The step or division that organisms occupy in a food CHAIN that is CHARACTERIZED by the method of obtaining their nutrition to fulfill their ENERGY requirements is known as a trophic level. The producers and CONSUMERS are the two fundamental trophic LEVELS.

The correct answer is (c) T4

Best explanation: The carnivores are the organisms that primarily and exclusively feed on other animals (HERBIVORE or carnivore) for energy. The top or ultimate carnivores BELONG to T4 or T5 that is the fourth or fifth trophic LEVEL.

The correct answer is (d) 3

The best explanation: The carnivores are the ORGANISMS that primarily and exclusively feed on other animals (HERBIVORE or carnivore) for ENERGY. They may occupy 2-3 trophic LEVELS in an ecosystem.

Right option is (b) Herbivores, CARNIVORES, and DECOMPOSERS

The best I can explain: The organisms that cannot manufacture their own food and OBTAIN ready-made organic food from producers are called consumers. The herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers are the THREE main types of consumers.

Correct choice is (c) First

The EXPLANATION: Producers are ORGANISMS that make their own food with the help of energy OBTAINED from chemicals or the sun, water, and AIR. They belong to T1 that is the first trophic level.

The CORRECT choice is (d) CONSUMERS

Explanation: The organisms that cannot manufacture their own food and obtain ready-made ORGANIC food from PRODUCERS are called consumers. These are heterotrophic organisms belonging from second to fifth trophic level.

Right answer is (b) Parasitic food chain

To EXPLAIN I would say: A group of organisms that TRANSFER food energy through a linear series of repeated processes of eating and being eaten is called a food chain. The food chain beginning with host and ending with a parasite (ECTO as WELL as endoparasite) is called a parasitic food chain.

The correct option is (b) Food chain

Easiest explanation: A group of organisms that TRANSFER food ENERGY through a linear SERIES of processes such as eating and being eaten is known as a food chain. A food chain always proceeds in a progressive straight line and intertwine into food webs.

The CORRECT answer is (a) Flow is unidirectional

Best explanation: The STATEMENT “The energy passed from producers to CONSUMERS (herbivores) does not go back to producers (AUTOTROPHS)” tells that the flow of energy is unidirectional. It means the energy moves in one direction only that is from higher to the lower-most level.

Right CHOICE is (d) 10%

Easy explanation: 10% of SUNLIGHT is held the ozone LAYER, water vapor, and atmospheric gases out of total sunlight REACHING Earth. The radiant light and heat from the sun is the primary, original source for most of the organisms.

Correct choice is (b) 56%

Explanation: Approximately 56-60 percent of light reaches the Earth’s surface out of the total sunlight. The heat and light from the sun is the ORIGINAL, PRIMARY source for most of the organisms and is used for the production of ELECTRICITY, fuel, thermal energy, AGRICULTURE, ETC.

The correct choice is (c) 34%

For EXPLANATION: Almost 34 percent of light is reflected BACK out of the TOTAL sunlight reaching Earth. The heat and light from the sun is the original, primary source for most of the organisms and is used for the production of electricity, fuel, thermal energy, agriculture, etc.

The correct CHOICE is (B) Phytoplankton

The best explanation: Phytoplankton is the major producers in an aquatic ecosystem. Producers (autotrophs) are organisms that make their own food with the help of ENERGY obtained from chemicals or the sun, water, and AIR.

Right answer is (d) PRODUCERS

The best explanation: Usually the green plants present in the ECOSYSTEM are TERMED as the producers. Producers (autotrophs) are ORGANISMS that make their own food with the help of energy OBTAINED from chemicals or the sun, water, and air.

Right choice is (d) Unidirectional

The best I can EXPLAIN: The movement of energy from the higher trophic LEVELS and its distribution and loss as HEAT to the lower trophic levels in the environment is unidirectional. It means the energy moves in one direction only that is from higher to the lower-most LEVEL.

Correct option is (b) Producers

For explanation I would SAY: All organisms directly or indirectly are DEPENDENT on producers for their food production. Producers are organisms that make their own food with the help of energy obtained from chemicals or the sun, WATER, and AIR. They are also KNOWN as autotrophs.

Right choice is (c) 2-10%

The best I can explain: The spectral range of SOLAR radiation that PHOTOSYNTHETIC organisms are able to USE in the process of photosynthesis is called PAR (400 to 700nm). Almost 2-10% of PAR is captured by plants.

Correct answer is (d) 50%

To ELABORATE: Almost less than equal to the 50% of the INCIDENT SOLAR radiation is photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). It ranges from 400nm to 700nm.

The CORRECT CHOICE is (a) Deep-sea hydro-thermal ECOSYSTEM

The best I can explain: The deep-sea hydro-thermal ecosystem is an exception in the ecosystem where the sun is not the source of energy. The chemosynthesis, marine SNOW, and whale falls are the three main sources of energy and nutrients for deep-sea communities.

Right OPTION is (b) Photosynthetically Active Radiation

To elaborate: The spectral range of solar radiation in that photosynthetic ORGANISMS are able to USE in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS is called as Photosynthetically Active Radiation. It is designated as PAR and ranges from 400nm to 700nm.

Correct choice is (B) Sun

The best I can explain: The only source of energy for all ecosystems on EARTH is the sun. The radiant light and heat from the sun is the primary, original source for most of the organisms and is used for the production of ELECTRICITY, fuel, thermal energy, AGRICULTURE, etc.

Correct choice is (b) LOW temperature and anaerobic conditions

Explanation: The physical and chemical process of BREAK down complex organic REMAINS (dead or DECAYING organisms) into INORGANIC substances is called decomposition. Low temperature and anaerobic conditions are unfavorable for the process of decomposition.

Correct option is (c) Warm and moist

Easiest explanation: The physical and chemical process of break down complex organic REMAINS (dead or decaying organisms) into INORGANIC substances is called DECOMPOSITION. It is favored by a warm and moist environment.