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The RATIO of the CHANGE in output (RESPONSE) of the instrument to a change of input or measured VARIABLE.

The ratio of the change in output (response) of the instrument to a change of input or measured variable.

A MEASURE of the CONSISTENCY or repeatability of MEASUREMENT, i.e. SUCCESSIVE reading do not DIFFER.

A measure of the consistency or repeatability of measurement, i.e. successive reading do not differ.

The smallest change in a MEASURED variable to which an INSTRUMENT will RESPOND.

The smallest change in a measured variable to which an instrument will respond.

The DEGREE of exactness (closeness) of a measurement COMPARED to the EXPECTED (desired) VALUE.

The degree of exactness (closeness) of a measurement compared to the expected (desired) value.

The PROCESS of DETERMINING the amount, degree, or capacity by comparison (DIRECT or indirect) with the ACCEPTED standards of the system units being used.

The process of determining the amount, degree, or capacity by comparison (direct or indirect) with the accepted standards of the system units being used.

The advantages of ABCD matrix are as FOLLOWS

1. They are used in POWER transmission LINES
2. They are helpful in case of cascade NETWORKS.

The advantages of ABCD matrix are as follows

Matrix is used in MW analysis to OVERCOME the problem which occurs when H.’ & Z PARAMETER are used in high frequencies.

Matrix is used in MW analysis to overcome the problem which occurs when H.’ & Z parameter are used in high frequencies.

Following are the applications of microwave engineering

1. ANTENNA gain is proportional to the electrical size of the antenna. At higher FREQUENCIES, more antenna gain is therefore possible for a given physical antenna size, which has important consequences for implementing MINIATURIZED microwave SYSTEMS.
2. More bandwidth can be realized at higher frequencies. Bandwidth is critically important because available frequency bands in the electromagnetic spectrum are being rapidly depleted.
3. Microwave signals travel by line of sight are not bent by the ionosphere as are lower frequency signals and thus satellite and terrestrial communication links with very high capacities are possible.

Following are the applications of microwave engineering

 In a microwave junction there is an INTERACTION of three or more COMPONENTS .There will be an output port, in addition there may be reflection from the junction of other ports. Totally there may be many COMBINATION, these are represented easily using a MATRIX called S matrix.

Properties of s- matrix

1. it possess symmetric properties sij=sji
2. it possess unitary property
3. [SJ[s]*=[i]

 In a microwave junction there is an interaction of three or more components .There will be an output port, in addition there may be reflection from the junction of other ports. Totally there may be many combination, these are represented easily using a matrix called S matrix.

Properties of s- matrix

MICROWAVE ENGINEERING is the study and design of microwave circuits , components , and systems. FUNDAMENTAL principles are applied to analysis , design and measurement technician this field. The short wavelengths involved distinguish this discipline from ELECTRONIC engineering . This is because there are DIFFERENT interactions with circuits, transmissions and propagation characteristics at microwave frequencies.

Microwave engineering is the study and design of microwave circuits , components , and systems. Fundamental principles are applied to analysis , design and measurement technician this field. The short wavelengths involved distinguish this discipline from electronic engineering . This is because there are different interactions with circuits, transmissions and propagation characteristics at microwave frequencies.

A COLOR model is a SPECIFICATION of 3D-coordinates system and a subspace WITHIN that system where each color is represented by a single point.

A Color model is a specification of 3D-coordinates system and a subspace within that system where each color is represented by a single point.

Features:

• RELEASED by Intel in 1978
• Produced from 1978 to 1990s
• A 16-bit microprocessor chip.
• Max. CPU clock rate:5 MHz to 10 MHz
• Instruction set: x86-16
• Package: 40 pin DIP
• 16-bit ARITHMETIC Logic Unit
• i6-bit data bus (8088 has 8-bit data bus)
• 20-bit address bus — 220 = 1,048,576 = 1 meg
• The address refers to a byte in memory.

Features:

CLOCK speed is measured in the MHZ and it DETERMINES that how many instructions a PROCESSOR can processed. The speed of the microprocessor is measured in the MHz or GHZ.

Clock speed is measured in the MHz and it determines that how many instructions a processor can processed. The speed of the microprocessor is measured in the MHz or GHz.

The number of BITS PROCESSED by the PROCESSOR in a single INSTRUCTION.

The number of bits processed by the processor in a single instruction.

It is the SET of the INSTRUCTIONS that the MICROPROCESSOR can EXECUTE.

It is the set of the instructions that the Microprocessor can execute.

MICROCONTROLLER. microprocessor, DSC. DSP, busses. System clock, READ only Memory(ROM), RAM, REAL TIME clock these are the components of embedded system.

Microcontroller. microprocessor, DSC. DSP, busses. System clock, Read only Memory(ROM), RAM, Real time clock these are the components of embedded system.

DSC is i6 bit RISC machine that combines control ADVANTAGES of micro-controller and digital signal processing to PRODUCE tightly coupled SINGLE chip-single instruction STREAM solution for embedded system design.

DSC is i6 bit RISC machine that combines control advantages of micro-controller and digital signal processing to produce tightly coupled single chip-single instruction stream solution for embedded system design.

They are of 4 types

1. GENERAL computing
2. Control System
3. EMBEDDED Systems SIGNAL Processing
4. COMMUNICATION and network

They are of 4 types

 The Characteristics of the embedded systems are as follows

1. Sophisticated functionality
2. Real TIME behavior
3. LOW manufacturing COST
4. Low POWER consumption
5. USER friendly
6. Small size

 The Characteristics of the embedded systems are as follows

An EMBEDDED system is a special purpose computer system which is completely encapsulated by device it control. It is a programmed HARDWARE device in which the hardware chip is programmed with SPECIFIC FUNCTION. It is a combination of hardware and SOFTWARE.

An embedded system is a special purpose computer system which is completely encapsulated by device it control. It is a programmed hardware device in which the hardware chip is programmed with specific function. It is a combination of hardware and software.

The PROCESS of OBTAINING set of samples from a continuous function of time x(T) is REFERRED to as sampling.

The process of obtaining set of samples from a continuous function of time x(T) is referred to as sampling.

Analog and digital communication. As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio or video signal (the human voice) and translating it into electronic pulses. Digital on the other hand is BREAKING the signal into a binary format where the audio or video data is represented lw a series of “i”s and “o”s.

Digital signals are immune to noise. quality of transmission and reception is good, components USED in digital communication can be PRODUCED with high precision and power consumption is ALSO very less when COMPARED with analog signals.

Analog and digital communication. As a technology, analog is the process of taking an audio or video signal (the human voice) and translating it into electronic pulses. Digital on the other hand is breaking the signal into a binary format where the audio or video data is represented lw a series of “i”s and “o”s.

Digital signals are immune to noise. quality of transmission and reception is good, components used in digital communication can be produced with high precision and power consumption is also very less when compared with analog signals.

Communication MEANS transferring a sigma from the transmitter which passes through a MEDIUM then the output is obtained at the RECEIVER. (or)communication SAYS as transferring communication. 

Communication means transferring a sigma from the transmitter which passes through a medium then the output is obtained at the receiver. (or)communication says as transferring communication. 

The study and use of electrical devices that OPERATE by CONTROLLING the flow of electrons or other ELECTRICALLY charged ARTICLES.

The study and use of electrical devices that operate by controlling the flow of electrons or other electrically charged articles.