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None Of The Above.

An educated person with high caliber and social concern fails to get elected due to lack of money. To encourage competent, capable individuals with honesty and integrity’, certain measures have been taken by’ the concern authority. The state by providing material benefits like supply’of fuel for vehicles, papers for election literature and other purposes checks the candidates from becoming corrupt. With regard to state funding of elections. Indrajit Gupta Committee was formed in 1998. 

The Committee recommended as follows:-

(a) To Minimize the election expenses of political parties, a part of it to be borne by the State. 

(b) State funding should be in the form of kind not in cash. 

(c) It recommended separate election fund to be created and the annual contribution of central government is Rs.600 crores and that of all the states should be Rs.600 crores. 

(d) State funding to be confined to the recognized parties by the Election Commission. 

(e) To avail the state funding benefits the political parties must submit their income tax returns. 

(f) Free election telecasting and broad casting to all the political parties on government owned Television. Radio and other private channels. 

(g) The details of expenditure should be given to the Election Commission within the specified time. 

(h) It recommended for reasonable restrictions writing on wall, display of cutouts, banners, posters and buntings.

National Democratic Alliance.

Attaining freedom from England was the main objective of INC.

Political parties are essential in the democratic system. Without political parties democratic government cannot work successfully. In fact they are indispensable to democracy. Democracy and .political parties are inseparable. Political parties perform very vital functions in the democratic process. 

They are as follows:

(a) To formulate the party programme: In formulating its programmes or policies, every political party tries to keep in view its own ideology, aims and objectives. It then publishes its manifesto on the eve of the elections. Political parties ensure that all sections of the party throughout their ranks, propagate and support them. It then appeals to as large a number of voters as possible.

(b) To propagate the party programme and educate the people: Political parties impart political education to the people and make them to realize their responsibilities. The ideologies along with the previous achievements are highlighted to attract the voters during the electioneering.

(c) To win elections and capture power: This is their main objective. To achieve this objective all political parties field their candidates for the elections and undertake to support by campaigning. It is this process that almost all the political parties have been consumed by the craze for power.

(d) Formation of government: After the declaration of the results, the party- which secures majority forms the government. The administration is earned on in accordance with the mandatory provisions of the Constitution.

(e) Acts as opposition party: The political party which fails to secure majority in the election act as opposition party. It act as constructive opposition against the bad policies and programs of the government.

(f) Public opinion and policy: As in all democracies. Indian political parties function like brokers of ideas. They play an active role in molding public opinion by making use of the publicity media. They present different policy alternativ es to the problems confronting the nation.

Muslim League was established for the separate Pakistan.

The Indian National Congress was established in 1885.

An Election Manifesto is a formal statement of the programme and objectives of a political party. The Manifesto contains programmers and promises for all sections of the society.

This type of election is held when a State Legislative Assembly or the Lok Sabha is dissolved before the completion of its full term (5 years).

The system of election to the office of the President of India is Indirect.

The person who gets ‘the highest number of votes’ or the ‘simple majority’ is declared the winner.

Elections are the lifeline of a democracy. We need elections for the following reasons: 

1. It is the best way by which representatives of the people can be chosen and sent to legislatures. 

2. When there is a contest between different candidates for the same position, it gives the voters a greater choice of selection and makes it easy to elect candidates by casting their vote. 

3. Elections help the people to put a check on the activities of the government because political parties know that they will be ousted from power if they do not perform according to the expectations of the people.

4. By contesting elections, either as members of a political party or as an independent candidate, people get a chance to form the government and make laws and policies for the welfare of their people and their country.

Election Commission allots the symbols to political parties.

The Commission identifies eligible voters in each constituency and prepares the list of eligible voters. This is called ‘Voters List’.

When a seat held by any member of the Legislative Assembly in the Centre or States falls vacant due to death or resignation of the member, before completion of the term, to fill up this vacancy the election is called By-Election.

The Election Commission also advises the President or the Governors of the State in respect of Electoral Matters.

The election in which the voters do not directly elect their representatives to the legislatures or Head of State, but elect an intermediate body which finally proceeds to elect the representative or the President, such an election is called as Indirect Election.

This means that the voter chooses the candidates of his choice secretly.

The Returning officer has to scrutinize the nomination papers and has the authority to reject the nomination papers.

Elections are the lifeline of a democracy. We need elections for the following reasons: 

1. It is the best way by which representatives of the people can be chosen and sent to legislatures. 

2. When there is a contest between different candidates for the same position, it gives the voters a greater choice of selection and makes it easy to elect candidates by casting their vote. 

3. Elections help the people to put a check on the activities of the government because political parties know that they will be ousted from power if they do not perform according to the expectations of the people. 

4. By contesting elections, either as members of a political party or as an independent candidate, people get a chance to form the government and make laws and policies for the welfare of their people and their country.

In case any defeated candidate has a reasonable doubt about the rigging of elections, voter or a defeated candidate can file a petition in the court of law.

Political parties are allotted reserved common symbols, while the independent candidates may select them from the list of free symbols. The main purpose is that these symbols may be easily recognized by illiterate people.

The ballot paper which is not properly stamped or bears more than one stamp is declared invalid.

An election is an organized process in which people vote to choose the persons who shall represent them in Parliament or the State Legislature. Elections are also held to elect those persons who hold a constitutional position, such as the President or the Vice-President of India. 

Elections in a democracy are conducted according to the following principles: 

1. Universal Adult Franchise, 

2. The Secret Ballot, and 

3. The electoral choice offered by competition between political parties or between many candidates.

The normal term is for 6 years, but the retirement age is 65.

The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed in the manner as a judge of the Supreme Court.

The term of office of the Chief Election Commissioner is six years.

The President appoints the Chief Election Commissioner and other Commissioners.

Appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Commissioners: 

(a) The Chief Election Commissioner and other Commissioners are appointed by the President. 

(b) Terms of Office and Conditions of Service of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Commissioners. 

1. The Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner shall hold office for a term of six years. 

2. However, if the Chief Election Commissioner or an Election Commissioner has attained the age of 65 years, the shall vacate office on the date on which he attains the said age. 

3. The Chief Election Commissioner and other Commissioners are paid a salary equal to the salary of a judge of the Supreme Court e., Rs. 30,000 per month. On retirement, they are entitled to a pension. 

4. If the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election commissioners differ in opinion on any matter, such matter shall be decided according to the opinion of the majority.

Formation of government by various political parties with common minimum programme is known as coalitian government.

Elections are the foundations of democratic government.

The voters by exercising their franchise elect political party of their choice to form democratic government is called popular government.

A coalition government emerges in those countries which have a multi-party system. Where a country has many political parties and in an election no single party has been able to secure majority number of seats in the election, a coalition government is formed. Coalition implies a combination of parties. Thus, two or more political parties, due to lack of sole majority, made the alliance and forms the government on Common Minimum Programme. Coalition government was first formed in 1977 under the banner of Janatha party headed by Morarjee Desai.

The first Prime Minister of a coalition government. Later on. in 1989. National Front was led by V.P. Singh formed coalition gov ernment. In 1996 United Front led by H.D. Devegowda. in 1999 National Democratic Alliance under the leadership of A.B. Vajapayee. in 2004 United Progressive Alliance led by Manmohan Singh and in 2014 National Democratic Alliance headed by Narendra Modi formed the coalition gov ernment in different stages of political situation.

Elections in India is huge and complex. The electoral process also elaborate. In the course of the last 50 years the election process has show n a number of shortcomings which have arisen out of the politico-social, economic and cultural conditions prevailing in our country. Caste . and religious factors have become predominant. Vote banks, rigging, booth-capturing, proxy voting etc., have become common. In view of these, several electoral reforms have been taken up in recent years. 

They may be outlined as follows:-

(a) To provide representation to the country, the voting age was reduced from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. 

(b) To overcome various problems arising in the election process. Electronic Voting Machines have been introduced.

(c) To discourage candidates who are not serious in contesting in the elections and to avoid multiplicity of such candidates, the deposit amount has been increased.

(d) To deal with proxy voting, identity cards with photographs is being issued to all voters by the Election Commission.

(e) In recognition of the voters right to information, the Election Commission has decided on mandatory disclosure of their antecedents by the candidates.

(f) To curb the role of money in elections and to enable the service minded persons to contest in the elections, Tndrajit Gupta Committee recommended for state funding of elections.

(g) In order to ensure free and fair elections, the candidates should furnish the details about their educational qualifications, movable and immovable property and criminal background.

(h) In order to promote the elections more trustworthy. Election Commission of India has . introduced VVPAT and VSDL! devices along with EVMs during pooling.

Article 324 to 329 of Indian Constitution relates to Election Commission.

According to Article 324(1) of Indian Constitution, the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India are as follows:-

(a) It revise and prepares the electoral roll periodically. 

(b) It hold elections to Parliament. State Assemblies, and offices of the President and Vice President. 

(c) It announce the elections and issue the time table. 

(d) It conducts the by-election to vacant seats and announce the repoll where the elections are disrupted. 

(e) It grants recognition to political parties as National and State level parties and also allots ‘ the symbols to the parties. 

(f) It scrutinizes the nomination papers and empovver.to reject the uncompleted nomination papers.

(g) It appoints officers and other stall’ members to conduct election and make necessary arrangements. 

(h) It appoints the observers and micro observers to keep constant eye on the electoral process. 

(i) It can undertake the counting process and declare the results. It can also withhold the election results on valid grounds. 

(j) It can advice the President or the Governor at the time of disqualification of members of the House. 

(k) It enforces the code of conduct for the candidates and political parties with relates to the election expenses and submission of accounts after election. 

(l) As per the Representation of Peoples’ Act of 1950 and 1951, Election Commission of India conducts the process of election.

Article 324 of Indian Constitution provides for the office of the Election Commission of India. It consists of three members. According to Article 342(2) Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners are appointed by the President of India on the advice of Union Cabinet. The term of office is 6 years of service or 65 years of age whichever is earlier. Article 324(6) makes provision for the salaries, allowances and other privileges of the Election Commissioners and personnel.

The Parliament determines their salaries an”d borne by the Consolidated fund of India. According to Article 324(5). the Election Commissioners can be removed from their office in the same manner as the Judges of Supreme Court on the ground of proven misbehavior and incapability to discharge their constitutional obligations.

(a) Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998). 

(b) Justice Kuldeep Singh Committee (2002) are the two committees that recommended for electoral reforms.

Bullet can end one’s life but ballet can end the destiny of one political party. So ballet is more powerful than bullet in democracy.

Opposition party acts as the watch dog of democracy.

Electoral college is constituted to elect the President which consists of the elected members of both the houses of parliament and elected members of all the state assemblies.

President is an example of Indirect Election.

The minimum age for the voters in India is 18 years.

All the voters who attained the age of 18 years can exercise their voting power without any discrimination, it is called Universal Adult Franchise.

People can have an opportunity to participate in the political activities in Direct Election system without any intermediaries. They knows the political ideologies of all die parties and hence political awareness brought in direct election.’

All adult citizens must be given the right to vote. There can be no discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, sex, religion, wealth, it is known as universal adult franchise. It is in practice in India.

Bi Party system is practice in USA.

The Negative option voting came in to practice in 2014.

The EVMs were introduced for the first time in India in 1998.

M.S Gill made the EPIC compulsory.