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The components of POWER system may operate at different voltage and power levels. It will be CONVENIENT for analysis of power system if the voltage, power, current ratings of the components of the power system is expressed with referance to a common value CALLED base value.

The components of power system may operate at different voltage and power levels. It will be convenient for analysis of power system if the voltage, power, current ratings of the components of the power system is expressed with referance to a common value called base value.

The load FLOW study of a power SYSTEM is essential to decide the best operation existing system and for PLANNING the future expansion of the system. It is also essential for designing the power system.

The load flow study of a power system is essential to decide the best operation existing system and for planning the future expansion of the system. It is also essential for designing the power system.

The equivalent circuit of all the COMPONENTS of the POWER system are drawn and they are INTERCONNECTED is CALLED impedance diagram.

The equivalent circuit of all the components of the power system are drawn and they are interconnected is called impedance diagram.

An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit PROVIDING high input IMPEDANCES with EASE of gain ADJUSTMENT by varying a single resistor.

An instrumentation amplifier is a differential op-amp circuit providing high input impedances with ease of gain adjustment by varying a single resistor.

The GENERATING SYSTEM,TRANSMISSION system,and DISTRIBUTION system.

The generating system,transmission system,and distribution system.

Types of feedback:

Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in AMPLIFIERS, stabilizes and linearizes operation). Negative feedback feeds part of a system's output, inverted, into the system's input; generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated.

Positive feedback: This tends to increase output. Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as "cumulative CAUSATION", is a feedback loop system in which the system responds to PERTURBATION (A perturbation means a system, is an ALTERATION of function, induced by external or internal mechanisms) in the same direction as the perturbation. In contrast, a system that responds to the perturbation in the opposite direction is called a negative feedback system.

Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or decrease output.

Types of feedback:

Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in amplifiers, stabilizes and linearizes operation). Negative feedback feeds part of a system's output, inverted, into the system's input; generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated.

Positive feedback: This tends to increase output. Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as "cumulative causation", is a feedback loop system in which the system responds to perturbation (A perturbation means a system, is an alteration of function, induced by external or internal mechanisms) in the same direction as the perturbation. In contrast, a system that responds to the perturbation in the opposite direction is called a negative feedback system.

Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or decrease output.

Code division multiple ACCESS (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency.

An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), SPEAK at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different directions (spatial division). In CDMA, they would speak different LANGUAGES. People speaking the same language can understand each other, but not other people. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. MANY codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can understand each other.

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method utilized by various radio communication technologies. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency.

An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different directions (spatial division). In CDMA, they would speak different languages. People speaking the same language can understand each other, but not other people. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can understand each other.

Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which conditions, are to be satisfied for oscillations.

“Oscillations will not be SUSTAINED if, at the oscillator frequency, the MAGNITUDE of the product of the transfer gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedback FACTOR of the feedback network ( the magnitude of the LOOP gain ) are less than UNITY”.

The condition of unity loop gain -A? = 1 is called the Barkhausen criterion. This condition implies that A?= 1and that the phase of - A? is zero.

Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which conditions, are to be satisfied for oscillations.

“Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the oscillator frequency, the magnitude of the product of the transfer gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedback factor of the feedback network ( the magnitude of the loop gain ) are less than unity”.

The condition of unity loop gain -A? = 1 is called the Barkhausen criterion. This condition implies that A?= 1and that the phase of - A? is zero.

Much attention has been GIVEN by RESEARCHERS to NEGATIVE feedback processes, because negative feedback processes lead systems towards EQUILIBRIUM states. POSITIVE feedback reinforces a given tendency of a system and can lead a system away from equilibrium states, possibly causing quite unexpected results.

Much attention has been given by researchers to negative feedback processes, because negative feedback processes lead systems towards equilibrium states. Positive feedback reinforces a given tendency of a system and can lead a system away from equilibrium states, possibly causing quite unexpected results.

Feedback is a process whereby some PROPORTION of the output signal of a SYSTEM is PASSED (fed back) to the input. This is often used to control the dynamic BEHAVIOUR of the system.

Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is passed (fed back) to the input. This is often used to control the dynamic behaviour of the system.

An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp , is a DC-coupled high-gain ELECTRONIC voltage amplifier with differential inputs[1] and, USUALLY, a single output. Typically the output of the op-amp is controlled either by NEGATIVE feedback, which largely determines the MAGNITUDE of its output voltage gain, or by positive feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain and oscillation.

An operational amplifier, often called an op-amp , is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier with differential inputs[1] and, usually, a single output. Typically the output of the op-amp is controlled either by negative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its output voltage gain, or by positive feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain and oscillation.

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to AMPLIFY or switch electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental building block of computers, and all other modern electronic DEVICES. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in INTEGRATED circuits.

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental building block of computers, and all other modern electronic devices. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits.

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. DIODES have two active electrodes between which the signal of INTEREST may flow, and most are USED for their unidirectional CURRENT PROPERTY.

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional current property.

A semiconductor is a SOLID material that has ELECTRICAL conductivity in between that of a CONDUCTOR and that of an insulator(An Insulator is a material that RESISTS the flow of electric current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passing current through itself); it can vary over that wide range EITHER permanently or dynamically.

A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivity in between that of a conductor and that of an insulator(An Insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductors without passing current through itself); it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically.

A SUBSTANCE, body, or DEVICE that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. Copper is a good CONDUCTOR of electricity.

A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. Copper is a good conductor of electricity.

An inductor is a PASSIVE electrical DEVICE employed in electrical CIRCUITS for its property of inductance. An inductor can take many FORMS.

An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its property of inductance. An inductor can take many forms.

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic COMPONENT that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its TERMINALS in PROPORTION to the current, that is, in ACCORDANCE with OHM's law:

V = IR.

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:

V = IR.

An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an electronic circuit etched onto a SILICON CHIP. Their MAIN advantages are LOW cost, low power, high PERFORMANCE, and very small size.

An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an electronic circuit etched onto a silicon chip. Their main advantages are low cost, low power, high performance, and very small size.

An oscillator is a CIRCUIT that creates a WAVEFORM output from a direct current input. The two main TYPES of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic oscillators have smooth curved WAVEFORMS, while relaxation oscillators have waveforms with SHARP changes.

An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current input. The two main types of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic oscillators have smooth curved waveforms, while relaxation oscillators have waveforms with sharp changes.

EXAMPLE for –ve FEEDBACK is ---AMPLIFIERS And for +ve feedback is – OSCILLATORS

Example for –ve feedback is ---Amplifiers And for +ve feedback is – Oscillators

An electronic DEVICE or electrical circuit that is used to boost (AMPLIFY) the power, VOLTAGE or current of an APPLIED signal.

An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost (amplify) the power, voltage or current of an applied signal.

A repeater is an electronic DEVICE that receives a SIGNAL and RETRANSMITS it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without DEGRADATION.

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation.

3 satellites are REQUIRED to COVER the entire earth, which is placed at 120 DEGREE to each other. The LIFE span of the SATELLITE is about 15 years.

3 satellites are required to cover the entire earth, which is placed at 120 degree to each other. The life span of the satellite is about 15 years.

Base STATION is a RADIO receiver/transmitter that serves as the hub of the LOCAL wireless network, and MAY also be the gateway between a wired network and the wireless network.

Base station is a radio receiver/transmitter that serves as the hub of the local wireless network, and may also be the gateway between a wired network and the wireless network.

AM is used for VIDEO SIGNALS for example TV. Ranges from 535 to 1705 kHz.

FM is used for audio signals for example Radio. Ranges from 88 to 108 MHz.

AM is used for video signals for example TV. Ranges from 535 to 1705 kHz.

FM is used for audio signals for example Radio. Ranges from 88 to 108 MHz.

AM-AMPLITUDE modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.

FM-FREQUENCY modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.

AM-Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.

FM-Frequency modulation is a type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal.

For Analog modulation: AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM

DIGITAL modulation: OOK, FSK, ASK, PSK, QAM, MSK, CPM, PPM, TCM, OFDM

For Analog modulation: AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM

Digital modulation: OOK, FSK, ASK, Psk, QAM, MSK, CPM, PPM, TCM, OFDM

DEMODULATION is the ACT of removing the modulation from an analog signal to get the original BASEBAND signal back. Demodulating is necessary because the receiver system RECEIVES a modulated signal with specific characteristics and it NEEDS to turn it to base-band.

Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from an analog signal to get the original baseband signal back. Demodulating is necessary because the receiver system receives a modulated signal with specific characteristics and it needs to turn it to base-band.

1. Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of a periodic wave with an external signals.
2. Radio communication superimposes this information bearing SIGNAL ONTO a carrier signal.
3. These high frequency carrier signals can be TRANSMITTED over the air easily and are CAPABLE of travelling long distances.
4. The characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the carrier signal are VARIED in accordance with the information bearing signal.
5. Modulation is utilized to send an information bearing signal over long distances.

Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the RANGE of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals USED to produce and DETECT radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits or ELECTROMAGNETIC radiation.

Radio frequency (RF) is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of about 3 Hz to 300 GHz. This range corresponds to frequency of alternating current electrical signals used to produce and detect radio waves. Since most of this range is beyond the vibration rate that most mechanical systems can respond to, RF usually refers to oscillations in electrical circuits or electromagnetic radiation.

A stopband is a band of FREQUENCIES, between SPECIFIED LIMITS, in which a circuit, such as a filter or telephone circuit, does not LET signals through, or the ATTENUATION is above the required stopband attenuation level.

A stopband is a band of frequencies, between specified limits, in which a circuit, such as a filter or telephone circuit, does not let signals through, or the attenuation is above the required stopband attenuation level.

PASSBAND is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can PASS through a FILTER without being attenuated.

Passband is the range of frequencies or wavelengths that can pass through a filter without being attenuated.

The FREQUENCY at which the RESPONSE is -3DB with RESPECT to the MAXIMUM response.

The frequency at which the response is -3dB with respect to the maximum response.

It states that, while TAKING the samples of a continuous SIGNAL, it has to be TAKEN care that the sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequency and the MINIMUM sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.

It states that, while taking the samples of a continuous signal, it has to be taken care that the sampling rate is equal to or greater than twice the cut off frequency and the minimum sampling rate is known as the Nyquist rate.