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Iodine is necessary for formation of thyroxine hormone. In our throat thyroid gland is located. This gland secretes thyroxin hormone. This gland requires iodine for the formation of this hormone. Goitre is caused due to deficiency of this hormone. Lack of iodin in our diet causes goiter. Iodine can be easily obtained by iodised salt. Therefore, we should consume iodised salt in our diet.

It occurs due to hyper secretion or hypo secretion of hormone secreted by Pituitary gland.

These physical changes occur because of effect of some chemical substances. These substances are called hormones.

1. Hormone

2. Thyroxine

3. Thymosin 

4. Melatonin 

5. H.I.V

(c). alcohol.

Things essential for good health in adolescence:

1. Nutrition: Body grows rapidly during adolescence. During adolescence, diet of an adult must contains carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and mineral salts. The food of an adult should have Roti, rice, pulses, vegetables, Milk, Fruits, leafy vegetables, jaggery, meat, amla, oranges, iron etc.

2. Personal hygiene: Every part of body should be cleaned properly. In absence of personal hygiene, infection can be caused due to bacteria

3. Physical exercise: Walk in fresh air and playing keep our body healthy. All adults should do regular walk, exercise, and play in open.

4. Keeping away from drugs: We should keep ourselves away from poisonous substances and medicines. Bad habits destroy health, social and economic status

The endocrine glands in our body are: 

1. Pituitary 

2. Thyroid 

3. Parathyroid 

4. Thymus 

5. Pancreas 

6. Adrenal

7. Pineal

1. Pituitary gland

Hormone: growth hormone. Our growth depends on the secretion of the pituitary galnd.

2. Thyroid gland

Hormone: thyroxine The function of thyroxine is to control the rate of metabolism, growth and respiration.

3. Parathyroid galnd 

These are four tiny glands located on larynx. 

Hormone: Parathyroid hormone (PTH). It regulates calcium and phosphate in the body.

4. Thymus:

Hormone: Thymosin, Thymosin stimulates the disease-fighting cells.

5. Pancreas:

Hormone: Insulin Insulin controls sugar metabolism in the body.

6. Adrenal gland:

Hormone: Adrenalin Adrenalin regulates heart beat, breathing reat, blood pressure, etc.

7. Pinceal galnd:

Hormone: Melatonin. Melatonin influences sexual development and sleep – wake cycles. The pineal gland conects the endocrine system with the nervous system. In that it converts nerve signals from the sympathetic system of the peripheral nervous system into hormone signals.

(c) Hormones

(d) all of the above

Many changes take place in our body during the age from 11 to 18 or 19. This period is called adolescence. This is the period between childhood and adulthood.

(c) Pancreas

1. Blood 

2. Diabetes 

3. Adrenaline 

4. Thymus

(a) Insulin, glucagon, somatostatin 

(b) Adrenaline 

(c) Hypoglycemia

(d) Insulin 

(e) Adrenaline 

(f) Anti-diuretic hormone (Vasopressin) 

(g) Adrenaline

Iodine is an active ingredient in the production of the thyroxine hormone secreted by the thyroid gland. Thyroxine hormone is a very essential hormone for our body. In case of its abnormal secretions a person may suffer certain sever disorders. Therefore, it is an important nutrient for our body.

(a) This portion is located in the neck region above the sternum. 

(b) 1- Larynx, 2 - Thyroid gland, 3 - Trachea

(c) Larynx is the voice box containing vocal cords. It helps in producing sound. Thyroid gland produces thyroxine and calcitonin which are essential hormones. Trachea is the wind pipe that helps in passing air to and from the respiratory system while breathing.

(d) Structure 2 is the thyroid gland. It is an endocrine gland, so it is ductless and pours its secretions directly into the blood. Hence, there is no duct.

(a) 1- Pituitary gland, 2 - thyroid gland, 3 - pancreas, 4 - adrenal glands 

(b) All the glands shown in the above diagram are endocrine glands. They secrete essential hormones and pour their secretions directly into the blood. 

(c) Iodine is essential for the normal working of thyroxine.

(a) A 

(b) Hormone secreted by the endocrine gland is shown in the image A to be moving only in one direction i.e. towards the target organ. But actually the hormones poured into the blood stream may have one or more target sites at a time. The arrows shown are carried to all parts by the blood and their effect is produced only in one or more specific parts.

a. Glucagon: Alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans Insulin: Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans

b. Insulin: It maintains the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood. 

Glucagon: It raises the blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver.

c. An endocrine gland is one which does not pour its secretions into a duct, while an exocrine gland is a gland which pours its secretions into a duct. Because the pancreas produces hormones such as insulin, glucagon and somatostatin directly into the blood and not into a duct, it functions as an endocrine gland. Because it secretes the pancreatic juices for digestion via a duct, it functions as an exocrine gland. Hence, the pancreas is an exo-endocrine gland.

d. Insulin is not administered orally because the digestive juices degrade insulin, and thus the insulin is ineffective in the body.

e. Islets of Langerhans

f. The pancreas is located in the abdomen behind the stomach.

(c) pancreas

The Himalayan soil is deficient in iodine. Thus, the food grown in such soil also becomes iodine deficient. Due to this reason, when Himalayan people consume iodine deficient food, they do not get the proper intake of iodine. Therefore, people living in the low Himalayan hilly regions often suffer from goitre.

(b) Parathyroid hormone

Chemically hormones are peptides, amines or steroids. They are involved in regulating. The metabolism of the body. They can bring about specific chemical changes during metabolic process. Therefore hormones can be termed as 'chemical messengers'.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands, means they pour their secretion i.e. hormones directly into the blood stream while the other glands are exocrine glands which have ducts. Through ducts they pour their secretions (not hormones) into the blood stream.

Hormones unlike enzymes are secreted by the endocrine glands only. Also the hormones unlike the enzymes are poured directly into the blood. Hormones can be peptides, steroids, amine but all enzymes are proteins.

The thymus is located in the upper anterior (front) part of our chest directly behind our sternum and between our lungs. In children, this gland is large. It secretes hormone named thymosin. In childhood, it helps in development of sex organs. It also develops immunity in the body.

The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of each kidney. It secretes hormone named Adrenaline. It makes body ready for emergency situations. It regulates blood pressure in the body.

It regulates the calcium level in blood.

Parathormone is secreted by parathyroid gland.

Goitre is caused due to deficiency of iodine in body.

The person remains dwarf.

Diabetes is caused due to deficiency of Insulin hormone. Insulin controls amount of sugar in blood.

(a) True 

Reason- Adrenaline is described as emergency hormone because during any emergency situation more adrenaline is secreted which makes the heart beat faster, increases the breathing, releases more glucose into the blood stream to fulfill the energy requirement.

(b) False 

Reason- The two different kinds of diabetes are diabetes insipidus caused due to insufficient secretion of vasopressin and the other is 'diabetes mellitus' caused due to hyposecretion of insulin but they cannot be described as mild and severe.

(c) True 

Reason-Iodine is an active ingredient in the production of the thyroxine hormone.

(d) True 

Reason- Pituitary gland controls the functioning of all the other endocrine glands.

(e) True 

Reason- Hormones are poured directly into blood the blood stream and control physiological processes by chemical means. Their action depends on the feedback mechanism.

(f) True 

Reason- Gigantism and dwarfism are controlled by the growth hormone from the pituitary gland. Growth hormone is much more active in children for their normal body growth along with which necessary substance required for the synthesis of growth hormone need to be consumed.

(c) Adrenaline

(a) Larynx

Reason- Larynx is the sound box while the rest three i.e. glucagon; testosterone and prolactin are hormones.

(b) Penicillin

Reason - Penicillin is an antibiotic while adrenaline; insulin; thyroxine are hormones.

(c) Adrenaline

Reason - Adrenaline is a hormone while the stomach, ileum and liver are the organs of the

digestive system.

(d) Insulin

Reason- Insulin is secreted by the pancreas while TSH, GH, ADH are the hormones

secreted by the pituitary gland.

(e) Iodine

Reason- Iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroxine hormone. While cretinism, goitre, myxoedema are the deficiencies occur due to the deficiency of thyroxine.

If there was hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in a child; the child will suffer from cretinism. The symptoms of cretinism are dwarfism, mental retardation, etc.

The number of parathyroid gland is four.

(a) Prostate 

(b) Scurvy 

(c) Cretinism 

(d) Cortisone

It is situated in brain.

If one adrenal gland is removed, the other one gets enlarged. This is to meet the requirement of hormones produced by the body.

The over activity of-

(b) thyroid

In goitre, throat of a person because swoolen.

1. Diabetes mellitus: 

Cause - under secretion of Insulin hormone Symptoms - excretion of great deal of urine with sugar, Person feels thirsty and loss of weight. In severe cases, the person may lose the eye sight. 

2. Diabetes insipidus: 

Cause - Under secretion of Anti-diuretic hormone Symptoms - frequent urination resulting in loss of water from body and the person feels thirsty.

There is a very small gland in the center of our brain. This glang secretes a hormone called metatonin. Our sleep-wake cycle is regulated by metatonin hormones. This is why we feel sleepy at a certain time at night and get up in the morning a certain time.