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In India, the status of energy resources cannot be said to be satisfactory. The total produced electric power is obtained from coal, petroleum, natural gas, atomic energy and hydro – electricity which are conventional energy sources. In 2011, 64.1% part of the total produced electricity came from thermal power (coal), 32.21% from hydro – electricity and rest 3.7% was being obtained from atomic energy resources. It is clear that even today, coal is the biggest source of thermal electricity. On the other hand, in the country, solar energy, bio energy and tidal energy sources have developed on a limited level.

Correct Answer is: (a) Coal

Wind energy, solar energy and bio energy are non – conventional energy resources found in India.

Hydro – electricity Production: In India, in 2010, the production of hydro – electricity was around 164 thousand megawatt. In 2011, 32 – 2% of total produced electricity was obtained from hydroelectricity.

Distribution of hydro – electricity: In hydro – electricity production of India, major states are – Andhra Pradesh – Telangana, Karnataka and Maharashtra, where, in 2013-14, of the total produced electricity in India, 11.18%, 11.08% and 10.16% part were obtained respectively. Punjab (8.19%), Tamil Nadu (659%), Odisha (6.31%), Kerala (6.04%), M.P. (5.96%), Himachal Pradesh (5.16%) and north – eastern states (10.14%) are other hydro – electricity producing states.

Possibilities: In 2016, the total potential electricity capacity was 42.8 thousand MW, of which only 14.4% part could be developed. Almost 60% of the estimated hydro – electricity sources of India are in the rivers originating from the Himalayas. The major rivers are Brahmaputra, Ganga, Indus and its tributaries. 20% part of this power lies in the rivers of south that flow from north to south and west to south – east and towards east and rest 20% estimated part lies in the Western Ghats, and the rivers originating from central India that flow from east to west.

(d) Solar energy

Correct Answer is: (c) Rajasthan

(a) Damodar river valley

(b) Bituminous

Correct Answer is: (d) Ganga

These are Ankleshwar, Kalol, Mehsana, Navgaon, Kothana and Sanand, etc.

• Waste is generated daily on a very large scale in a big metropolitan cities.
• Waste disposal is a major problem in such places.
• This waste can be segregated to use the biotic component to generate gas which can be used to generate power.
• In the future, this may help to solve the problem of waste disposal in cities

In India, Gondwana period coal is mainly found in West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, M.P, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.

(b) Damodar valley

Correct Answer is: (a) Ludhiana

• Energy resources must be used very carefully.
• The demand for energy is increasing all the time due to growing population, urbanisation and growing needs of man.
• It is necessary to use alternative and nonconventional energy resources to meet these needs.
• It is also necessary to use energy frugally.

i. thermal power stations

ii. wood

iii. cooking

iv. geo-thermal power stations

v. below the ocean floor

i. Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Gujarat.

ii. Mumbai High.

iii.

• Chhattisgarh
• Jharkhand

iv. Makum, Digboi, Naharkatiya, Nunmati, Lakhani.

v. Coal reserves are found in the Godavari Basin.

vi. Telangana, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.

vii. Koyna Hydroelectric project, Jayakwadi Hydroelectric project, Sardar Sarovar Hydroelectric project, Warna Hydroelectric project.

i. Mineral oil and solar energy.

ii. Hydel power and power from geothermal source.

Long ago, plant and animal remains got buried due to earth movements and they were then decomposed due to pressure and heat, leaving behind the element carbon and this is how coal was formed.

Biogas is generated from biotic waste material such as faces of animals, dead leaves, shells, etc.

1. Bombay High offshore field. 

2. Aliabet Island and Bassein offshore field. 

3. Brahmaputra and Surma valley of Assam. 

4. Gulf of Kutch in Gujarat, Vadodara, Surat, Bharuch, Mehsana and Kheda districts. 

5. Krishna, Kaveri, Godavari basin’s offshore field 

6. Barmer district of Rajasthan.

In most of the mineral oil wells, apart from minerals, natural gas is also found.

It is mainly found in Palana in Bikaner district.

Energy resources can be classified in many ways such as conventional – non-conventional, biotic – abiotic, renewable – non-renewable, substancebased – process-based, etc.

Generation of substance-based energy resources leads to pollution while that of process based energy resource is pollution free.

1 – b 

2 – d 

3 – a 

4 – c 

5 – f

i.

• Coal
• Mineral oil

ii.

• Sun
• Wind

i. 50 kmph

ii. torrid

iii. Tidal energy

iv. geo-thermal energy

Sea waves and tides are the movements of ocean water that go on continuously.

i.

• Lamps
• Heaters

ii.

• Vajreshwari in Maharashtra
• Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh

The generation of solar power depends on the intensity of sunrays and the duration of sunshine.

• We get light and heat from the sun. 
• We have seen that intensity of solar energy is the maximum in the torrid zone. 
• India which is in the torrid zone, therefore, has a lot of scope for using solar energy.

i. Thermal Energy

ii. Electricity

iii. Electricity

i. Wood

ii. Electricity

i. Wind Energy

ii. Wood

Bituminous coal.

It is used in producing electricity in thermal power plants and melting iron – ore.

It is also known as mineral oil. It is obtained from the animal and plant remains buried deep under the earth millions of years ago, such as coal and petroleum.

1. Coal 

2. Petroleum.

It has been developed to meet the increasing demand of energy and for conserving limited sources of fossil fuels.

Dr. Homi Jehangir Bhabha.

This second major pipeline connects Mumbai High and Gujarat oil producing areas to Koyali oil refinery.

Radio – active minerals, uranium, thorium, beryllium, ilmenite, zircon, graphite, and antimony are used.

It discovers oil and natural gas by drilling oil – wells and produces crude oil and sends it to refineries and consumers.

In India there are 22 oil refineries. Out of these, 17 are in public sector, 2 in joint sector and 3 are in private sector.

1. Reliance Indsutries Ltd – Moti Khavdi and Jamnagar. 

2. Reliance Petroleum Ltd – SEZ, Jamnagar. 

3. Essar Oil Ltd – Vadinar.

1. Uranium 

2. Thorium 

3. Ilmenite 

4. Beryllium 

5. Graphite

It is obtained from sedimentary rocks.

In Assam from Naharkatiya to Barauni (Bihar) Via Noonmati; length 1152 km.

(b) Tamil Nadu