InterviewSolution
Saved Bookmarks
InterviewSolution
This section includes InterviewSolutions, each offering curated multiple-choice questions to sharpen your knowledge and support exam preparation. Choose a topic below to get started.
| 251. |
Alternative Splicing with James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark article on the double helical structure of DNA now more than a half-century old, the sheer volume of knowledge we have since amassed regarding the regulation and expression of genetic material is staggering, and continues to expand daily. Yet for all that has been accomplished in the study of genetics, there comes now and again a discovery to underscore just how many mysteries we have yet to unravel. Historically, we have defined a gene as a region of DNA responsible for encoding and regulating the expression of a discrete, heritable trait. The use of regulating here is of no small importance, as the protein-coding sequence itself represents only a fraction of the DNA contained within a given gene. A "promoter" region, for instance, does not directly contribute to the mRNA transcript, but instead provides binding sites for transcription factor proteins, and functions as sort of an "on" or "off" switch for the expression of the gene's corresponding trait. Similarly, "silencer" and "enhancer regions can also bind regulatory proteins, and help to fine-tune the precise degree to which a gene will be expressed under various circumstances and in response to varying stimuli. However, perhaps the most implicitly fascinating non-coding regions of DNA are those embedded within the protein-coding region itself. During transcription, nucleotides are polymerized into a strand of mRNA whose sequence is complementary to that of the template DNA. This "pre-mRNA" typically contains several regions of non-coding material, or "introns," that must be excised prior to translation of the protein-coding regions, which are referred to as "exons." In a complex process known as splicing, the introns are removed and degraded, while the adjacent ends of exons are adjoined, and trafficked out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis can at last begin. Predictably, mutations that affect a gene's splicing pattern may precipitate severe functional impairments to its encoded protein, and some studies have estimated that as many as half of all disease-causing mutations in humans-including those responsible for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of cystic fibrosis are ultimately a result of altered splicing. Furthermore, an increasing body of research has also reported patterns of altered splicing in a wide variety of cancer cells, though it remains to be seen as to whether these changes contribute to oncogenesis, or are simply symptomatic of dysregulated growth. With such grim potential for genetic misstep, one might wonder how evolution could have ever favored the development of such a precarious and seemingly superfluous system of gene expression in the first place. The answer to this lies in the fact that alternative splicing patterns are not exclusively pathological, but can and do occur under physiological circumstances as well. That is to say, through tightly controlled Changes to the differential removal of introns and retention of exons, two identical strands of pre-mRNA can, ultimately, code for two entirely different proteins. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, was among the first proteins identified as a product of physiological alternative splicing. Whereas calcitonin is a well-known hormone produced by the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, and is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood, CGRP is believed to mediate pain sensations within central and peripheral neurons. Despite their unique structures and vastly differing functions, both proteins are nonetheless encoded by the same gene. The discovery of physiological alternative splicing came as a challenge to our traditional understanding of genes, which held that each coding region was responsible for the expression of a single protein. Today, of course, we know this line of thought to be an elegant but erroneous oversimplification. Scientists have demonstrated that the vast majority of animal genes participate in alternative splicing to one extent or another, far from a mere biochemical curiosity, it is a vital biological strategy to maximize the economy of genetic material, which must be laboriously reproduced with each cell division, while maintaining an immense diversity in the protein-encoding capacity of a genome. In an extreme example, the genome of the insect species Drosophila melanogaster contains about 15,000 genes. Yet, through alternative splicing, one single D melanogaster gene-known as DSCAM--has been shown to encode about 38,000 different proteins. based on the passage, what would someone who believed in the first historical theory of dna most likely think would be the number of unique protein transcripts that would result form the replication of the a tropomyosin gene outlined in the table? |
|
Answer» 1 |
|
| 252. |
Alternative Splicing with James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark article on the double helical structure of DNA now more than a half-century old, the sheer volume of knowledge we have since amassed regarding the regulation and expression of genetic material is staggering, and continues to expand daily. Yet for all that has been accomplished in the study of genetics, there comes now and again a discovery to underscore just how many mysteries we have yet to unravel. Historically, we have defined a gene as a region of DNA responsible for encoding and regulating the expression of a discrete, heritable trait. The use of regulating here is of no small importance, as the protein-coding sequence itself represents only a fraction of the DNA contained within a given gene. A "promoter" region, for instance, does not directly contribute to the mRNA transcript, but instead provides binding sites for transcription factor proteins, and functions as sort of an "on" or "off" switch for the expression of the gene's corresponding trait. Similarly, "silencer" and "enhancer regions can also bind regulatory proteins, and help to fine-tune the precise degree to which a gene will be expressed under various circumstances and in response to varying stimuli. However, perhaps the most implicitly fascinating non-coding regions of DNA are those embedded within the protein-coding region itself. During transcription, nucleotides are polymerized into a strand of mRNA whose sequence is complementary to that of the template DNA. This "pre-mRNA" typically contains several regions of non-coding material, or "introns," that must be excised prior to translation of the protein-coding regions, which are referred to as "exons." In a complex process known as splicing, the introns are removed and degraded, while the adjacent ends of exons are adjoined, and trafficked out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis can at last begin. Predictably, mutations that affect a gene's splicing pattern may precipitate severe functional impairments to its encoded protein, and some studies have estimated that as many as half of all disease-causing mutations in humans-including those responsible for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of cystic fibrosis are ultimately a result of altered splicing. Furthermore, an increasing body of research has also reported patterns of altered splicing in a wide variety of cancer cells, though it remains to be seen as to whether these changes contribute to oncogenesis, or are simply symptomatic of dysregulated growth. With such grim potential for genetic misstep, one might wonder how evolution could have ever favored the development of such a precarious and seemingly superfluous system of gene expression in the first place. The answer to this lies in the fact that alternative splicing patterns are not exclusively pathological, but can and do occur under physiological circumstances as well. That is to say, through tightly controlled Changes to the differential removal of introns and retention of exons, two identical strands of pre-mRNA can, ultimately, code for two entirely different proteins. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, was among the first proteins identified as a product of physiological alternative splicing. Whereas calcitonin is a well-known hormone produced by the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, and is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood, CGRP is believed to mediate pain sensations within central and peripheral neurons. Despite their unique structures and vastly differing functions, both proteins are nonetheless encoded by the same gene. The discovery of physiological alternative splicing came as a challenge to our traditional understanding of genes, which held that each coding region was responsible for the expression of a single protein. Today, of course, we know this line of thought to be an elegant but erroneous oversimplification. Scientists have demonstrated that the vast majority of animal genes participate in alternative splicing to one extent or another, far from a mere biochemical curiosity, it is a vital biological strategy to maximize the economy of genetic material, which must be laboriously reproduced with each cell division, while maintaining an immense diversity in the protein-encoding capacity of a genome. In an extreme example, the genome of the insect species Drosophila melanogaster contains about 15,000 genes. Yet, through alternative splicing, one single D melanogaster gene-known as DSCAM--has been shown to encode about 38,000 different proteins. which option gives the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? |
|
Answer» line 10-13 ("a 'promoter…trait") |
|
| 253. |
Alternative Splicing with James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark article on the double helical structure of DNA now more than a half-century old, the sheer volume of knowledge we have since amassed regarding the regulation and expression of genetic material is staggering, and continues to expand daily. Yet for all that has been accomplished in the study of genetics, there comes now and again a discovery to underscore just how many mysteries we have yet to unravel. Historically, we have defined a gene as a region of DNA responsible for encoding and regulating the expression of a discrete, heritable trait. The use of regulating here is of no small importance, as the protein-coding sequence itself represents only a fraction of the DNA contained within a given gene. A "promoter" region, for instance, does not directly contribute to the mRNA transcript, but instead provides binding sites for transcription factor proteins, and functions as sort of an "on" or "off" switch for the expression of the gene's corresponding trait. Similarly, "silencer" and "enhancer regions can also bind regulatory proteins, and help to fine-tune the precise degree to which a gene will be expressed under various circumstances and in response to varying stimuli. However, perhaps the most implicitly fascinating non-coding regions of DNA are those embedded within the protein-coding region itself. During transcription, nucleotides are polymerized into a strand of mRNA whose sequence is complementary to that of the template DNA. This "pre-mRNA" typically contains several regions of non-coding material, or "introns," that must be excised prior to translation of the protein-coding regions, which are referred to as "exons." In a complex process known as splicing, the introns are removed and degraded, while the adjacent ends of exons are adjoined, and trafficked out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis can at last begin. Predictably, mutations that affect a gene's splicing pattern may precipitate severe functional impairments to its encoded protein, and some studies have estimated that as many as half of all disease-causing mutations in humans-including those responsible for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of cystic fibrosis are ultimately a result of altered splicing. Furthermore, an increasing body of research has also reported patterns of altered splicing in a wide variety of cancer cells, though it remains to be seen as to whether these changes contribute to oncogenesis, or are simply symptomatic of dysregulated growth. With such grim potential for genetic misstep, one might wonder how evolution could have ever favored the development of such a precarious and seemingly superfluous system of gene expression in the first place. The answer to this lies in the fact that alternative splicing patterns are not exclusively pathological, but can and do occur under physiological circumstances as well. That is to say, through tightly controlled Changes to the differential removal of introns and retention of exons, two identical strands of pre-mRNA can, ultimately, code for two entirely different proteins. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, was among the first proteins identified as a product of physiological alternative splicing. Whereas calcitonin is a well-known hormone produced by the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, and is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood, CGRP is believed to mediate pain sensations within central and peripheral neurons. Despite their unique structures and vastly differing functions, both proteins are nonetheless encoded by the same gene. The discovery of physiological alternative splicing came as a challenge to our traditional understanding of genes, which held that each coding region was responsible for the expression of a single protein. Today, of course, we know this line of thought to be an elegant but erroneous oversimplification. Scientists have demonstrated that the vast majority of animal genes participate in alternative splicing to one extent or another, far from a mere biochemical curiosity, it is a vital biological strategy to maximize the economy of genetic material, which must be laboriously reproduced with each cell division, while maintaining an immense diversity in the protein-encoding capacity of a genome. In an extreme example, the genome of the insect species Drosophila melanogaster contains about 15,000 genes. Yet, through alternative splicing, one single D melanogaster gene-known as DSCAM--has been shown to encode about 38,000 different proteins. scientists who thought along the lines outlined in lines 49-54 ("scientists...genome") would most likely have what opinion about the information in the given table? |
|
Answer» supportive, because it demonstrates how alternative splicing can help maximize the economy of genetic material. |
|
| 254. |
Alternative Splicing with James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark article on the double helical structure of DNA now more than a half-century old, the sheer volume of knowledge we have since amassed regarding the regulation and expression of genetic material is staggering, and continues to expand daily. Yet for all that has been accomplished in the study of genetics, there comes now and again a discovery to underscore just how many mysteries we have yet to unravel. Historically, we have defined a gene as a region of DNA responsible for encoding and regulating the expression of a discrete, heritable trait. The use of regulating here is of no small importance, as the protein-coding sequence itself represents only a fraction of the DNA contained within a given gene. A "promoter" region, for instance, does not directly contribute to the mRNA transcript, but instead provides binding sites for transcription factor proteins, and functions as sort of an "on" or "off" switch for the expression of the gene's corresponding trait. Similarly, "silencer" and "enhancer regions can also bind regulatory proteins, and help to fine-tune the precise degree to which a gene will be expressed under various circumstances and in response to varying stimuli. However, perhaps the most implicitly fascinating non-coding regions of DNA are those embedded within the protein-coding region itself. During transcription, nucleotides are polymerized into a strand of mRNA whose sequence is complementary to that of the template DNA. This "pre-mRNA" typically contains several regions of non-coding material, or "introns," that must be excised prior to translation of the protein-coding regions, which are referred to as "exons." In a complex process known as splicing, the introns are removed and degraded, while the adjacent ends of exons are adjoined, and trafficked out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis can at last begin. Predictably, mutations that affect a gene's splicing pattern may precipitate severe functional impairments to its encoded protein, and some studies have estimated that as many as half of all disease-causing mutations in humans-including those responsible for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of cystic fibrosis are ultimately a result of altered splicing. Furthermore, an increasing body of research has also reported patterns of altered splicing in a wide variety of cancer cells, though it remains to be seen as to whether these changes contribute to oncogenesis, or are simply symptomatic of dysregulated growth. With such grim potential for genetic misstep, one might wonder how evolution could have ever favored the development of such a precarious and seemingly superfluous system of gene expression in the first place. The answer to this lies in the fact that alternative splicing patterns are not exclusively pathological, but can and do occur under physiological circumstances as well. That is to say, through tightly controlled Changes to the differential removal of introns and retention of exons, two identical strands of pre-mRNA can, ultimately, code for two entirely different proteins. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, was among the first proteins identified as a product of physiological alternative splicing. Whereas calcitonin is a well-known hormone produced by the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, and is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood, CGRP is believed to mediate pain sensations within central and peripheral neurons. Despite their unique structures and vastly differing functions, both proteins are nonetheless encoded by the same gene. The discovery of physiological alternative splicing came as a challenge to our traditional understanding of genes, which held that each coding region was responsible for the expression of a single protein. Today, of course, we know this line of thought to be an elegant but erroneous oversimplification. Scientists have demonstrated that the vast majority of animal genes participate in alternative splicing to one extent or another, far from a mere biochemical curiosity, it is a vital biological strategy to maximize the economy of genetic material, which must be laboriously reproduced with each cell division, while maintaining an immense diversity in the protein-encoding capacity of a genome. In an extreme example, the genome of the insect species Drosophila melanogaster contains about 15,000 genes. Yet, through alternative splicing, one single D melanogaster gene-known as DSCAM--has been shown to encode about 38,000 different proteins. based on line 54-57, which expression gives the most likely range of values for the total number of proteins in a drosophila melanogaster genome? |
|
Answer» number of total proteins = 15000+38000 |
|
| 255. |
Alternative Splicing with James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark article on the double helical structure of DNA now more than a half-century old, the sheer volume of knowledge we have since amassed regarding the regulation and expression of genetic material is staggering, and continues to expand daily. Yet for all that has been accomplished in the study of genetics, there comes now and again a discovery to underscore just how many mysteries we have yet to unravel. Historically, we have defined a gene as a region of DNA responsible for encoding and regulating the expression of a discrete, heritable trait. The use of regulating here is of no small importance, as the protein-coding sequence itself represents only a fraction of the DNA contained within a given gene. A "promoter" region, for instance, does not directly contribute to the mRNA transcript, but instead provides binding sites for transcription factor proteins, and functions as sort of an "on" or "off" switch for the expression of the gene's corresponding trait. Similarly, "silencer" and "enhancer regions can also bind regulatory proteins, and help to fine-tune the precise degree to which a gene will be expressed under various circumstances and in response to varying stimuli. However, perhaps the most implicitly fascinating non-coding regions of DNA are those embedded within the protein-coding region itself. During transcription, nucleotides are polymerized into a strand of mRNA whose sequence is complementary to that of the template DNA. This "pre-mRNA" typically contains several regions of non-coding material, or "introns," that must be excised prior to translation of the protein-coding regions, which are referred to as "exons." In a complex process known as splicing, the introns are removed and degraded, while the adjacent ends of exons are adjoined, and trafficked out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis can at last begin. Predictably, mutations that affect a gene's splicing pattern may precipitate severe functional impairments to its encoded protein, and some studies have estimated that as many as half of all disease-causing mutations in humans-including those responsible for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of cystic fibrosis are ultimately a result of altered splicing. Furthermore, an increasing body of research has also reported patterns of altered splicing in a wide variety of cancer cells, though it remains to be seen as to whether these changes contribute to oncogenesis, or are simply symptomatic of dysregulated growth. With such grim potential for genetic misstep, one might wonder how evolution could have ever favored the development of such a precarious and seemingly superfluous system of gene expression in the first place. The answer to this lies in the fact that alternative splicing patterns are not exclusively pathological, but can and do occur under physiological circumstances as well. That is to say, through tightly controlled Changes to the differential removal of introns and retention of exons, two identical strands of pre-mRNA can, ultimately, code for two entirely different proteins. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, was among the first proteins identified as a product of physiological alternative splicing. Whereas calcitonin is a well-known hormone produced by the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, and is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood, CGRP is believed to mediate pain sensations within central and peripheral neurons. Despite their unique structures and vastly differing functions, both proteins are nonetheless encoded by the same gene. The discovery of physiological alternative splicing came as a challenge to our traditional understanding of genes, which held that each coding region was responsible for the expression of a single protein. Today, of course, we know this line of thought to be an elegant but erroneous oversimplification. Scientists have demonstrated that the vast majority of animal genes participate in alternative splicing to one extent or another, far from a mere biochemical curiosity, it is a vital biological strategy to maximize the economy of genetic material, which must be laboriously reproduced with each cell division, while maintaining an immense diversity in the protein-encoding capacity of a genome. In an extreme example, the genome of the insect species Drosophila melanogaster contains about 15,000 genes. Yet, through alternative splicing, one single D melanogaster gene-known as DSCAM--has been shown to encode about 38,000 different proteins. which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the pre mrna and all the other isoforms portrayed in the table? |
|
Answer» the pre mrna is spliced into the different isoforms in the sequence provided from top to bottom. |
|
| 256. |
Alternative Splicing with James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark article on the double helical structure of DNA now more than a half-century old, the sheer volume of knowledge we have since amassed regarding the regulation and expression of genetic material is staggering, and continues to expand daily. Yet for all that has been accomplished in the study of genetics, there comes now and again a discovery to underscore just how many mysteries we have yet to unravel. Historically, we have defined a gene as a region of DNA responsible for encoding and regulating the expression of a discrete, heritable trait. The use of regulating here is of no small importance, as the protein-coding sequence itself represents only a fraction of the DNA contained within a given gene. A "promoter" region, for instance, does not directly contribute to the mRNA transcript, but instead provides binding sites for transcription factor proteins, and functions as sort of an "on" or "off" switch for the expression of the gene's corresponding trait. Similarly, "silencer" and "enhancer regions can also bind regulatory proteins, and help to fine-tune the precise degree to which a gene will be expressed under various circumstances and in response to varying stimuli. However, perhaps the most implicitly fascinating non-coding regions of DNA are those embedded within the protein-coding region itself. During transcription, nucleotides are polymerized into a strand of mRNA whose sequence is complementary to that of the template DNA. This "pre-mRNA" typically contains several regions of non-coding material, or "introns," that must be excised prior to translation of the protein-coding regions, which are referred to as "exons." In a complex process known as splicing, the introns are removed and degraded, while the adjacent ends of exons are adjoined, and trafficked out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis can at last begin. Predictably, mutations that affect a gene's splicing pattern may precipitate severe functional impairments to its encoded protein, and some studies have estimated that as many as half of all disease-causing mutations in humans-including those responsible for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of cystic fibrosis are ultimately a result of altered splicing. Furthermore, an increasing body of research has also reported patterns of altered splicing in a wide variety of cancer cells, though it remains to be seen as to whether these changes contribute to oncogenesis, or are simply symptomatic of dysregulated growth. With such grim potential for genetic misstep, one might wonder how evolution could have ever favored the development of such a precarious and seemingly superfluous system of gene expression in the first place. The answer to this lies in the fact that alternative splicing patterns are not exclusively pathological, but can and do occur under physiological circumstances as well. That is to say, through tightly controlled Changes to the differential removal of introns and retention of exons, two identical strands of pre-mRNA can, ultimately, code for two entirely different proteins. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, was among the first proteins identified as a product of physiological alternative splicing. Whereas calcitonin is a well-known hormone produced by the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, and is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood, CGRP is believed to mediate pain sensations within central and peripheral neurons. Despite their unique structures and vastly differing functions, both proteins are nonetheless encoded by the same gene. The discovery of physiological alternative splicing came as a challenge to our traditional understanding of genes, which held that each coding region was responsible for the expression of a single protein. Today, of course, we know this line of thought to be an elegant but erroneous oversimplification. Scientists have demonstrated that the vast majority of animal genes participate in alternative splicing to one extent or another, far from a mere biochemical curiosity, it is a vital biological strategy to maximize the economy of genetic material, which must be laboriously reproduced with each cell division, while maintaining an immense diversity in the protein-encoding capacity of a genome. In an extreme example, the genome of the insect species Drosophila melanogaster contains about 15,000 genes. Yet, through alternative splicing, one single D melanogaster gene-known as DSCAM--has been shown to encode about 38,000 different proteins. lines 29-32 ("furthermore...growth") most strongly suggest that the author of the passage believes that scientific thinking regarding the contribution of altered splicing to cancer is |
|
Answer» malignant |
|
| 257. |
Alternative Splicing with James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark article on the double helical structure of DNA now more than a half-century old, the sheer volume of knowledge we have since amassed regarding the regulation and expression of genetic material is staggering, and continues to expand daily. Yet for all that has been accomplished in the study of genetics, there comes now and again a discovery to underscore just how many mysteries we have yet to unravel. Historically, we have defined a gene as a region of DNA responsible for encoding and regulating the expression of a discrete, heritable trait. The use of regulating here is of no small importance, as the protein-coding sequence itself represents only a fraction of the DNA contained within a given gene. A "promoter" region, for instance, does not directly contribute to the mRNA transcript, but instead provides binding sites for transcription factor proteins, and functions as sort of an "on" or "off" switch for the expression of the gene's corresponding trait. Similarly, "silencer" and "enhancer regions can also bind regulatory proteins, and help to fine-tune the precise degree to which a gene will be expressed under various circumstances and in response to varying stimuli. However, perhaps the most implicitly fascinating non-coding regions of DNA are those embedded within the protein-coding region itself. During transcription, nucleotides are polymerized into a strand of mRNA whose sequence is complementary to that of the template DNA. This "pre-mRNA" typically contains several regions of non-coding material, or "introns," that must be excised prior to translation of the protein-coding regions, which are referred to as "exons." In a complex process known as splicing, the introns are removed and degraded, while the adjacent ends of exons are adjoined, and trafficked out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis can at last begin. Predictably, mutations that affect a gene's splicing pattern may precipitate severe functional impairments to its encoded protein, and some studies have estimated that as many as half of all disease-causing mutations in humans-including those responsible for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of cystic fibrosis are ultimately a result of altered splicing. Furthermore, an increasing body of research has also reported patterns of altered splicing in a wide variety of cancer cells, though it remains to be seen as to whether these changes contribute to oncogenesis, or are simply symptomatic of dysregulated growth. With such grim potential for genetic misstep, one might wonder how evolution could have ever favored the development of such a precarious and seemingly superfluous system of gene expression in the first place. The answer to this lies in the fact that alternative splicing patterns are not exclusively pathological, but can and do occur under physiological circumstances as well. That is to say, through tightly controlled Changes to the differential removal of introns and retention of exons, two identical strands of pre-mRNA can, ultimately, code for two entirely different proteins. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, was among the first proteins identified as a product of physiological alternative splicing. Whereas calcitonin is a well-known hormone produced by the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, and is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood, CGRP is believed to mediate pain sensations within central and peripheral neurons. Despite their unique structures and vastly differing functions, both proteins are nonetheless encoded by the same gene. The discovery of physiological alternative splicing came as a challenge to our traditional understanding of genes, which held that each coding region was responsible for the expression of a single protein. Today, of course, we know this line of thought to be an elegant but erroneous oversimplification. Scientists have demonstrated that the vast majority of animal genes participate in alternative splicing to one extent or another, far from a mere biochemical curiosity, it is a vital biological strategy to maximize the economy of genetic material, which must be laboriously reproduced with each cell division, while maintaining an immense diversity in the protein-encoding capacity of a genome. In an extreme example, the genome of the insect species Drosophila melanogaster contains about 15,000 genes. Yet, through alternative splicing, one single D melanogaster gene-known as DSCAM--has been shown to encode about 38,000 different proteins. as used in line 3, the word "amassed" most closely means |
|
Answer» inquired |
|
| 258. |
Alternative Splicing with James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark article on the double helical structure of DNA now more than a half-century old, the sheer volume of knowledge we have since amassed regarding the regulation and expression of genetic material is staggering, and continues to expand daily. Yet for all that has been accomplished in the study of genetics, there comes now and again a discovery to underscore just how many mysteries we have yet to unravel. Historically, we have defined a gene as a region of DNA responsible for encoding and regulating the expression of a discrete, heritable trait. The use of regulating here is of no small importance, as the protein-coding sequence itself represents only a fraction of the DNA contained within a given gene. A "promoter" region, for instance, does not directly contribute to the mRNA transcript, but instead provides binding sites for transcription factor proteins, and functions as sort of an "on" or "off" switch for the expression of the gene's corresponding trait. Similarly, "silencer" and "enhancer regions can also bind regulatory proteins, and help to fine-tune the precise degree to which a gene will be expressed under various circumstances and in response to varying stimuli. However, perhaps the most implicitly fascinating non-coding regions of DNA are those embedded within the protein-coding region itself. During transcription, nucleotides are polymerized into a strand of mRNA whose sequence is complementary to that of the template DNA. This "pre-mRNA" typically contains several regions of non-coding material, or "introns," that must be excised prior to translation of the protein-coding regions, which are referred to as "exons." In a complex process known as splicing, the introns are removed and degraded, while the adjacent ends of exons are adjoined, and trafficked out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis can at last begin. Predictably, mutations that affect a gene's splicing pattern may precipitate severe functional impairments to its encoded protein, and some studies have estimated that as many as half of all disease-causing mutations in humans-including those responsible for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of cystic fibrosis are ultimately a result of altered splicing. Furthermore, an increasing body of research has also reported patterns of altered splicing in a wide variety of cancer cells, though it remains to be seen as to whether these changes contribute to oncogenesis, or are simply symptomatic of dysregulated growth. With such grim potential for genetic misstep, one might wonder how evolution could have ever favored the development of such a precarious and seemingly superfluous system of gene expression in the first place. The answer to this lies in the fact that alternative splicing patterns are not exclusively pathological, but can and do occur under physiological circumstances as well. That is to say, through tightly controlled Changes to the differential removal of introns and retention of exons, two identical strands of pre-mRNA can, ultimately, code for two entirely different proteins. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, was among the first proteins identified as a product of physiological alternative splicing. Whereas calcitonin is a well-known hormone produced by the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, and is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood, CGRP is believed to mediate pain sensations within central and peripheral neurons. Despite their unique structures and vastly differing functions, both proteins are nonetheless encoded by the same gene. The discovery of physiological alternative splicing came as a challenge to our traditional understanding of genes, which held that each coding region was responsible for the expression of a single protein. Today, of course, we know this line of thought to be an elegant but erroneous oversimplification. Scientists have demonstrated that the vast majority of animal genes participate in alternative splicing to one extent or another, far from a mere biochemical curiosity, it is a vital biological strategy to maximize the economy of genetic material, which must be laboriously reproduced with each cell division, while maintaining an immense diversity in the protein-encoding capacity of a genome. In an extreme example, the genome of the insect species Drosophila melanogaster contains about 15,000 genes. Yet, through alternative splicing, one single D melanogaster gene-known as DSCAM--has been shown to encode about 38,000 different proteins. as used inline 20, the word "excised" most closely means |
|
Answer» removed |
|
| 259. |
Alternative Splicing with James Watson and Francis Crick's landmark article on the double helical structure of DNA now more than a half-century old, the sheer volume of knowledge we have since amassed regarding the regulation and expression of genetic material is staggering, and continues to expand daily. Yet for all that has been accomplished in the study of genetics, there comes now and again a discovery to underscore just how many mysteries we have yet to unravel. Historically, we have defined a gene as a region of DNA responsible for encoding and regulating the expression of a discrete, heritable trait. The use of regulating here is of no small importance, as the protein-coding sequence itself represents only a fraction of the DNA contained within a given gene. A "promoter" region, for instance, does not directly contribute to the mRNA transcript, but instead provides binding sites for transcription factor proteins, and functions as sort of an "on" or "off" switch for the expression of the gene's corresponding trait. Similarly, "silencer" and "enhancer regions can also bind regulatory proteins, and help to fine-tune the precise degree to which a gene will be expressed under various circumstances and in response to varying stimuli. However, perhaps the most implicitly fascinating non-coding regions of DNA are those embedded within the protein-coding region itself. During transcription, nucleotides are polymerized into a strand of mRNA whose sequence is complementary to that of the template DNA. This "pre-mRNA" typically contains several regions of non-coding material, or "introns," that must be excised prior to translation of the protein-coding regions, which are referred to as "exons." In a complex process known as splicing, the introns are removed and degraded, while the adjacent ends of exons are adjoined, and trafficked out of the nucleus to the endoplasmic reticulum, where protein synthesis can at last begin. Predictably, mutations that affect a gene's splicing pattern may precipitate severe functional impairments to its encoded protein, and some studies have estimated that as many as half of all disease-causing mutations in humans-including those responsible for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and certain forms of cystic fibrosis are ultimately a result of altered splicing. Furthermore, an increasing body of research has also reported patterns of altered splicing in a wide variety of cancer cells, though it remains to be seen as to whether these changes contribute to oncogenesis, or are simply symptomatic of dysregulated growth. With such grim potential for genetic misstep, one might wonder how evolution could have ever favored the development of such a precarious and seemingly superfluous system of gene expression in the first place. The answer to this lies in the fact that alternative splicing patterns are not exclusively pathological, but can and do occur under physiological circumstances as well. That is to say, through tightly controlled Changes to the differential removal of introns and retention of exons, two identical strands of pre-mRNA can, ultimately, code for two entirely different proteins. Calcitonin gene-related peptide, or CGRP, was among the first proteins identified as a product of physiological alternative splicing. Whereas calcitonin is a well-known hormone produced by the medullary cells of the thyroid gland, and is involved in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood, CGRP is believed to mediate pain sensations within central and peripheral neurons. Despite their unique structures and vastly differing functions, both proteins are nonetheless encoded by the same gene. The discovery of physiological alternative splicing came as a challenge to our traditional understanding of genes, which held that each coding region was responsible for the expression of a single protein. Today, of course, we know this line of thought to be an elegant but erroneous oversimplification. Scientists have demonstrated that the vast majority of animal genes participate in alternative splicing to one extent or another, far from a mere biochemical curiosity, it is a vital biological strategy to maximize the economy of genetic material, which must be laboriously reproduced with each cell division, while maintaining an immense diversity in the protein-encoding capacity of a genome. In an extreme example, the genome of the insect species Drosophila melanogaster contains about 15,000 genes. Yet, through alternative splicing, one single D melanogaster gene-known as DSCAM--has been shown to encode about 38,000 different proteins. the first paragraph of eassy (line 1-6) primarily serves to |
|
Answer» pay homage to the great scientists who made the discoveries highlighted in the passage. |
|
| 260. |
Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech : She said, ''Goodbye friends!'' |
| Answer» SOLUTION :She BADE GOODBYE to her FRIENDS. | |
| 261. |
Belinda tickled the dragon and she used to tickle him mercilessly. Ink, Blink and Mustard mocked him by calling Percival, the brave. All of them sat together in the little red wagon and laughed at Custard. They used to laugh at the coward dragon. Where did all of them sit laughing at Custard? |
| Answer» Solution : BELINDA TICKLED Custard UNMERCIFULLY. Belinda and all her PETS sat in the little red WAGON laughing at Custard. | |
| 262. |
Belinda tickled the dragon and she used to tickle him mercilessly. Ink, Blink and Mustard mocked him by calling Percival, the brave. All of them sat together in the little red wagon and laughed at Custard. They used to laugh at the coward dragon. How was custard insulted and mocked at by Belinda and all her other pets? |
| Answer» Solution :CUSTARD was constantly an OBJECT of ridicule and LAUGHTER. Belinda tickled him mercilessly. Ink, Blink and Mustard rudely and mockingly called him PERCIVAL, a great hero. | |
| 263. |
Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech : He said to me, ''May you live long!'' |
| Answer» SOLUTION :He PRAYED that I MIGHT LIVE LONG. | |
| 264. |
But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great. And would suffice. Explain : " If it had to perish twice . " |
| Answer» Solution :The poet has already mentioned that fire of PASSIONS and DESIRES will lead to the end of the WORLD. But he SAYS if this world has to be destroyed twice then there is ANOTHER option that can bring the end of this world. And that is ice. Ice is a symbol of cold reasoning devoid of all warmth and fire of human passions. | |
| 265. |
But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great. And would suffice. How is ice itself sufficient to cause the destruction of the world ? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :If this world has to be destroyed twice, then .ICE is SUFFICIENT enough to do this job. In contrast to the fire of passions and desires, cold reasoning DEVOID of human warmth, produces only hate. And this hate will be sufficient to BRING the destruction of this world. | |
| 266. |
And that's how one dusty old book of nursery rhymes saved the world from a Martian invasion. As you all know, in the twenty-fifth century, five hundred years after all this happened, we Earthlings resumed contact with Mars, and we even became very friendly with the Martians. By that time, Great and Mighty Think Tank had been replaced by a very clever Martian — the wise and wonderful Noodle! Oh, yes, we taught the Martians the difference between sandwiches and books.How did one dusty old book of nursery rhymes save the world from Maritian invasion? |
| Answer» Solution :The Historian tells how one dusty old book “Mullie GOOSE. SAVED the WORLD from a Marilian invasion. The INTERPRETATION of that book MADE Think Tank to escape to an unknown place in a space capsule. | |
| 267. |
And that's how one dusty old book of nursery rhymes saved the world from a Martian invasion. As you all know, in the twenty-fifth century, five hundred years after all this happened, we Earthlings resumed contact with Mars, and we even became very friendly with the Martians. By that time, Great and Mighty Think Tank had been replaced by a very clever Martian — the wise and wonderful Noodle! Oh, yes, we taught the Martians the difference between sandwiches and books.Who replaced Think-Tank and what did the Earthlings teach the people of Mars? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :Noodle replaced Think-Tank. He was a very WISE and Wonderful Maritian. Good RELATIONS were MADE between the people of MARS and the Earthlings. They taught the Martians the difference between sandwiches and books. | |
| 268. |
Belinda lived in a little white house. She lived there with her pets. Her pets included a little black kitten. There was a little grey mouse. She had a little yellow dog and a little red wagon too. And to speak the truth, she had a little pet dragon Who was a realio, trulio, little pet dragon? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :The REALIO, TRULIO, little pet DRAGON was Custard. Out of all the pets, Custard was ridiculed as a coward. | |
| 269. |
Belinda lived in a little white house. She lived there with her pets. Her pets included a little black kitten. There was a little grey mouse. She had a little yellow dog and a little red wagon too. And to speak the truth, she had a little pet dragon Where did Belinda live and with whom? |
| Answer» Solution :Belinda lived in a little white house. There she lived with her favourite pets. They were, a black kitten, a little GREY mouse, a little YELLOW DOG, a little RED wagon and a little PET dragon. | |
| 270. |
But on Wednesday, Peggy and Maddie, who sat down with other children who got good marks and who didn't track in a whole lot of mud, did notice that Wanda wasn't there. Peggy was the most popular girl in the school. She was pretty, she had many pretty clothes and her hair was curly, Maddie was her closest friend. The reason Peggy and Maddie noticed Wanda's absence was because Wanda had made them late to school. They had waited and waited for Wanda, to have some fun with her, and she just hadn't come. They often waited for Wanda Petronski-to have fun with her. Where did Peggie and Maddie use to sit in the class? Did they sit near Wanda? |
| Answer» Solution :Peggie and Maddie were the front benchers. They used to sit with other children who got good MARKS and who didn.t TRACK in a WHOLE lot of mud. No, Wanda used to sit in the LAST row of the CLASS. | |
| 271. |
But on Wednesday, Peggy and Maddie, who sat down with other children who got good marks and who didn't track in a whole lot of mud, did notice that Wanda wasn't there. Peggy was the most popular girl in the school. She was pretty, she had many pretty clothes and her hair was curly, Maddie was her closest friend. The reason Peggy and Maddie noticed Wanda's absence was because Wanda had made them late to school. They had waited and waited for Wanda, to have some fun with her, and she just hadn't come. They often waited for Wanda Petronski-to have fun with her. Why did they wait for Wanda? |
| Answer» Solution :Peggy and Maddie USUALLY waited for Wanda outside the class. They OFTEN waited for Wanda PETRONSKI just to have FUN with her REGARDING her dresses and shoes. | |
| 272. |
Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech : He says, ''Honesty is the best policy.'' |
| Answer» SOLUTION :He SAYS that HONESTY is the BEST POLICY. | |
| 273. |
Belinda embraced Custard. Mustard started licking him. No one mourned for their pirate victim who was dead. Ink and Blink danced around the dragon who had just swallowed the pirate. Why did Belinda and her pets dance around the dragon in glee? |
| Answer» Solution :BELINDA and all her pets were terrified at the sight of the pirate. They couldn.t FACE him. Custard SUCCEEDED in killing and gobbling. They felt relieved when the dreaded pirate. They celebrated the OCCASION by dancing around Custard. | |
| 274. |
Belinda embraced Custard. Mustard started licking him. No one mourned for their pirate victim who was dead. Ink and Blink danced around the dragon who had just swallowed the pirate. How did Belinda and her pets behave when they saw Custard gobbling down the terrible pirate? |
| Answer» Solution :Belinda embraced Custard. MUSTARD licked him. INK and BLINK danced around him. They were CELEBRATING the death of the pirate at the hands of Custard, the dragon. | |
| 275. |
Anne Frank had a great attachment with her grandmother. Justify your answer. |
| Answer» Solution :There is no doubt that Anne Frank had a great attachment with her grandmother. When her PARENTS MIGRATED to Holland, she along with her elder SISTER Margot were sent to live with her grandmother in Aachen. The grandmother died in JANUARY 1942. She thought of her quite often and still loved her. | |
| 276. |
Can grieving and lamentation avoid death and decay in this world? What did the Buddha say in this regard? |
| Answer» Solution :This world is afflicted with death and decay. Therefore, the wise don.t GRIEVE. No one will ever get peace of mind by WEEPING or grieving. Weeping or grieving only makes a person sick and PALE. Only the person who has overcome all sorrow will be FREE from sorrow. He will then be blessed. | |
| 277. |
Already, the fire was dying. Kolya watched,stonily,silently as the warm, orange ribbons began to unravel and vanish beneath the cinders. To feed the thing seemed pointless-almost cruel-and he wondered if perhaps it was better to stamp it out than to let it serve. He too, after all,was hungry. He too,after all,was cold. Already that winter,he had fed it had it half the books in his great grandfather's library. It had eaten up all the Napoleonic settees and tables that once adorned his ancestral home. He'd even offered it his mother's beloved mandolin,letting the strings on which she'sd plucked his somber lullabies catch fire,snap,and turn to ash. He watched it happen and felt nothing. Nothing, that is, but warm. It was winter and sentimentality was not in season-nor had it been for many months. Besides, no one still living in the house knew how to play it. "Will this be enough?" Anna entered the barren parlor, shevireing and dragging a rococo cradle behind her,"It is not large, but I think it's dry."Kolya nodded, watching her words turn to plumes of pale steam as she spoke. Much like the lullibies, the cradle had long outlived its purpose.With pale hands he broke free the first turned bar,and snapped it over his knee before condemning the splintered ends to the furnace. Anna sat, and warmmed her hands.She was right: the wood was dry. And dry wood, laterly, was north to them than rubies. The rains, Kolya recalled, had come too early that autumn. Down in the village, where Anna's family lived, he'd overheard the pilgrims in the street, with their silvery beards and mud-caked sandals, speaking of a great rasputitsa* to the south. They'd said it was an ill omen. They'd said there were stirrings in the capital. Kolya, at the time,he smiled. IT pleased him to belong to so province, cut off from the uglinessof cities and the southern roads.*"Sea of mud,'a semiannual occurance when the unpaved roads of Russia become diffult to traverse but every day until they froze, the rains grew heavier and the news still worse. A prince disappeared in Moscow. A farmer's wagon went missing in the mire. They found his horse the following morning, buried up to its bridle, though he, like a sailor lost lost at sea, had vanished. It wasn't long before the carts quit coming altogether and in October, with the war on, the train quit coming as well. There was no timber from the tiaga, no grain from the steppes, nor sunflower seeds from the fertile, far-off south. And Kolya, for the first tme, came to know the cost to know the cost of living at the edge of the world."We're running out tinder, you know,"Anna turned to him. "How much longer do you really think we can stay here?" Kolya frowned, "Theentire hoouse is tinder-we can tear out the rafters if we need to,"he said as he laid more wood on the fire, and hung a cast iron kettle over the coals. "So long as the root cellar holds,I think we can stay.""But how long will that be? Anna creased her brow. She was anxious. Her father ought to have returned from his trapline four days ago, but the snows had been heavier than expected. Probably, he was just caught on the other side of the pass until the storm cleared-probably. Kolya stirred the kettle slowly, mixing together the blood-red beets, and the ice-white cabbage. The nightly stew with which they'd started out the winter had given way to a thin, translucent soup. It would not be long, Kolya mused, before they were little more than seasoned water."I don't know, "he replied, raising a rabbit bone from the bottom of the pot-the only remnant of father's last outing. He ladled out a bowl for Anna, "At least, no one will go hungry tonight." She didn't smile, but leaned back to gaze at the intricate millwork and murals overhead."When I was young, you know,"she sighed,"I often dreamt of living here. Dolokhov Palace-it seemed so mysterious up on the hill. I dreamt of lavish winter balls, of being courted by boys who would call me "countness'. " Kolya smirhed grimly, taking a bowl for himself, and sat beside her. "IT is a dream come true,then,Countness Anna."She sivered. EVen now, she could neither smile, nor meent his gaze."Perhaps it is,Prince Nikolai. But now i'd much rather be awake."Q. Kolya's point of view presented in the paragraph in lines 18-31 can most fully be described as |
|
Answer» generally optimistic. |
|
| 278. |
Already, the fire was dying. Kolya watched,stonily,silently as the warm, orange ribbons began to unravel and vanish beneath the cinders. To feed the thing seemed pointless-almost cruel-and he wondered if perhaps it was better to stamp it out than to let it serve. He too, after all,was hungry. He too,after all,was cold. Already that winter,he had fed it had it half the books in his great grandfather's library. It had eaten up all the Napoleonic settees and tables that once adorned his ancestral home. He'd even offered it his mother's beloved mandolin,letting the strings on which she'sd plucked his somber lullabies catch fire,snap,and turn to ash. He watched it happen and felt nothing. Nothing, that is, but warm. It was winter and sentimentality was not in season-nor had it been for many months. Besides, no one still living in the house knew how to play it. "Will this be enough?" Anna entered the barren parlor, shevireing and dragging a rococo cradle behind her,"It is not large, but I think it's dry."Kolya nodded, watching her words turn to plumes of pale steam as she spoke. Much like the lullibies, the cradle had long outlived its purpose.With pale hands he broke free the first turned bar,and snapped it over his knee before condemning the splintered ends to the furnace. Anna sat, and warmmed her hands.She was right: the wood was dry. And dry wood, laterly, was north to them than rubies. The rains, Kolya recalled, had come too early that autumn. Down in the village, where Anna's family lived, he'd overheard the pilgrims in the street, with their silvery beards and mud-caked sandals, speaking of a great rasputitsa* to the south. They'd said it was an ill omen. They'd said there were stirrings in the capital. Kolya, at the time,he smiled. IT pleased him to belong to so province, cut off from the uglinessof cities and the southern roads.*"Sea of mud,'a semiannual occurance when the unpaved roads of Russia become diffult to traverse but every day until they froze, the rains grew heavier and the news still worse. A prince disappeared in Moscow. A farmer's wagon went missing in the mire. They found his horse the following morning, buried up to its bridle, though he, like a sailor lost lost at sea, had vanished. It wasn't long before the carts quit coming altogether and in October, with the war on, the train quit coming as well. There was no timber from the tiaga, no grain from the steppes, nor sunflower seeds from the fertile, far-off south. And Kolya, for the first tme, came to know the cost to know the cost of living at the edge of the world."We're running out tinder, you know,"Anna turned to him. "How much longer do you really think we can stay here?" Kolya frowned, "Theentire hoouse is tinder-we can tear out the rafters if we need to,"he said as he laid more wood on the fire, and hung a cast iron kettle over the coals. "So long as the root cellar holds,I think we can stay.""But how long will that be? Anna creased her brow. She was anxious. Her father ought to have returned from his trapline four days ago, but the snows had been heavier than expected. Probably, he was just caught on the other side of the pass until the storm cleared-probably. Kolya stirred the kettle slowly, mixing together the blood-red beets, and the ice-white cabbage. The nightly stew with which they'd started out the winter had given way to a thin, translucent soup. It would not be long, Kolya mused, before they were little more than seasoned water."I don't know, "he replied, raising a rabbit bone from the bottom of the pot-the only remnant of father's last outing. He ladled out a bowl for Anna, "At least, no one will go hungry tonight." She didn't smile, but leaned back to gaze at the intricate millwork and murals overhead."When I was young, you know,"she sighed,"I often dreamt of living here. Dolokhov Palace-it seemed so mysterious up on the hill. I dreamt of lavish winter balls, of being courted by boys who would call me "countness'. " Kolya smirhed grimly, taking a bowl for himself, and sat beside her. "IT is a dream come true,then,Countness Anna."She sivered. EVen now, she could neither smile, nor meent his gaze."Perhaps it is,Prince Nikolai. But now i'd much rather be awake."Q. The author uses the word "probably" in the sentence in lines 39-40 ("Probably...probably) to emphasize Anna's |
|
Answer» confidence and self-assurance |
|
| 279. |
Already, the fire was dying. Kolya watched,stonily,silently as the warm, orange ribbons began to unravel and vanish beneath the cinders. To feed the thing seemed pointless-almost cruel-and he wondered if perhaps it was better to stamp it out than to let it serve. He too, after all,was hungry. He too,after all,was cold. Already that winter,he had fed it had it half the books in his great grandfather's library. It had eaten up all the Napoleonic settees and tables that once adorned his ancestral home. He'd even offered it his mother's beloved mandolin,letting the strings on which she'sd plucked his somber lullabies catch fire,snap,and turn to ash. He watched it happen and felt nothing. Nothing, that is, but warm. It was winter and sentimentality was not in season-nor had it been for many months. Besides, no one still living in the house knew how to play it. "Will this be enough?" Anna entered the barren parlor, shevireing and dragging a rococo cradle behind her,"It is not large, but I think it's dry."Kolya nodded, watching her words turn to plumes of pale steam as she spoke. Much like the lullibies, the cradle had long outlived its purpose.With pale hands he broke free the first turned bar,and snapped it over his knee before condemning the splintered ends to the furnace. Anna sat, and warmmed her hands.She was right: the wood was dry. And dry wood, laterly, was north to them than rubies. The rains, Kolya recalled, had come too early that autumn. Down in the village, where Anna's family lived, he'd overheard the pilgrims in the street, with their silvery beards and mud-caked sandals, speaking of a great rasputitsa* to the south. They'd said it was an ill omen. They'd said there were stirrings in the capital. Kolya, at the time,he smiled. IT pleased him to belong to so province, cut off from the uglinessof cities and the southern roads.*"Sea of mud,'a semiannual occurance when the unpaved roads of Russia become diffult to traverse but every day until they froze, the rains grew heavier and the news still worse. A prince disappeared in Moscow. A farmer's wagon went missing in the mire. They found his horse the following morning, buried up to its bridle, though he, like a sailor lost lost at sea, had vanished. It wasn't long before the carts quit coming altogether and in October, with the war on, the train quit coming as well. There was no timber from the tiaga, no grain from the steppes, nor sunflower seeds from the fertile, far-off south. And Kolya, for the first tme, came to know the cost to know the cost of living at the edge of the world."We're running out tinder, you know,"Anna turned to him. "How much longer do you really think we can stay here?" Kolya frowned, "Theentire hoouse is tinder-we can tear out the rafters if we need to,"he said as he laid more wood on the fire, and hung a cast iron kettle over the coals. "So long as the root cellar holds,I think we can stay.""But how long will that be? Anna creased her brow. She was anxious. Her father ought to have returned from his trapline four days ago, but the snows had been heavier than expected. Probably, he was just caught on the other side of the pass until the storm cleared-probably. Kolya stirred the kettle slowly, mixing together the blood-red beets, and the ice-white cabbage. The nightly stew with which they'd started out the winter had given way to a thin, translucent soup. It would not be long, Kolya mused, before they were little more than seasoned water."I don't know, "he replied, raising a rabbit bone from the bottom of the pot-the only remnant of father's last outing. He ladled out a bowl for Anna, "At least, no one will go hungry tonight." She didn't smile, but leaned back to gaze at the intricate millwork and murals overhead."When I was young, you know,"she sighed,"I often dreamt of living here. Dolokhov Palace-it seemed so mysterious up on the hill. I dreamt of lavish winter balls, of being courted by boys who would call me "countness'. " Kolya smirhed grimly, taking a bowl for himself, and sat beside her. "IT is a dream come true,then,Countness Anna."She sivered. EVen now, she could neither smile, nor meent his gaze."Perhaps it is,Prince Nikolai. But now i'd much rather be awake."Q. What happens in the passage as a whole? |
|
Answer» A young couple RESOLVES to take measures to improve their lives. |
|
| 280. |
Change the following sentences into Passive Voice. Where did you buy this pen from? |
| Answer» SOLUTION :From where was this PEN BOUGHT by you? | |
| 281. |
Can you find out the rhyme scheme of two or three stanzas of the poem? |
|
Answer» SOLUTION :The RHYME SCHEME of all the stanzas are the same. The rhyme scheme is: aa, BB |
|
| 282. |
1. Today, change is inevitable in all spheres of life and we are required to face the challenges of the changes to achieve our goals and objectives. The change in our attitudes and mindsettowards the youth who constitute more than fifty per cent of our population is a must. 2. Unfortunately, this highly potential and vibrant resource has not been effectively and productivelyutilised, resulting in generation gaps which are unbridgeable. It is our onerous duty to bring them in mainstream in the task of national development and reconstruction to take the nation to resplendence and glory in the new millennium. The building of the nation is possible onlythrough the process of all round development and harnessing of the energies of our youth.3. H.G. Wells has truly said, “Men are born but citizens are made. A child takes to itself whatis brought to it.” The invasion of Western culture and the existing system of education could be blamed for failure of the youngsters to turn into talented individuals. It is inborn virtue conditioned with sustained cultural feedback with moral and ethical values that makes one astatesman. 4. Our new generation should feel inspired by great luminaries, such as, Mahatma Gandhi, Lokmanya Tilak, Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda and others who this country is proud to have produced.5. In the present scenario of criminalisation of politics, increasing violence and widespread erosionof cultural and social values dividing the country in the name of religion and caste, raising narrow walls of disintegration and drifting us apart, the youth should be saved from choosinga wrong path. We know that today's youngsters are the nation's future. 6. It is most important to develop in them the spirit of nationality and love for the country and,thus, give a new dimension to the national growth.7. The youth of today can prove to be no less patriotic, productive and value oriented than their predecessors, given the required impetus, opportunities and confidence in their ability. Withthis goes the 'Freedom of Thought and Experience'.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion:The youth of today are no less_____,productive and value oriented than their predecessors |
| Answer» SOLUTION :PATRIOTIC | |
| 283. |
1. Today, change is inevitable in all spheres of life and we are required to face the challenges of the changes to achieve our goals and objectives. The change in our attitudes and mindsettowards the youth who constitute more than fifty per cent of our population is a must. 2. Unfortunately, this highly potential and vibrant resource has not been effectively and productivelyutilised, resulting in generation gaps which are unbridgeable. It is our onerous duty to bring them in mainstream in the task of national development and reconstruction to take the nation to resplendence and glory in the new millennium. The building of the nation is possible onlythrough the process of all round development and harnessing of the energies of our youth.3. H.G. Wells has truly said, “Men are born but citizens are made. A child takes to itself whatis brought to it.” The invasion of Western culture and the existing system of education could be blamed for failure of the youngsters to turn into talented individuals. It is inborn virtue conditioned with sustained cultural feedback with moral and ethical values that makes one astatesman. 4. Our new generation should feel inspired by great luminaries, such as, Mahatma Gandhi, Lokmanya Tilak, Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda and others who this country is proud to have produced.5. In the present scenario of criminalisation of politics, increasing violence and widespread erosionof cultural and social values dividing the country in the name of religion and caste, raising narrow walls of disintegration and drifting us apart, the youth should be saved from choosinga wrong path. We know that today's youngsters are the nation's future. 6. It is most important to develop in them the spirit of nationality and love for the country and,thus, give a new dimension to the national growth.7. The youth of today can prove to be no less patriotic, productive and value oriented than their predecessors, given the required impetus, opportunities and confidence in their ability. Withthis goes the 'Freedom of Thought and Experience'.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion: The youth should be saved from: |
|
Answer» Criminalisation of POLITICS |
|
| 284. |
1. Today, change is inevitable in all spheres of life and we are required to face the challenges of the changes to achieve our goals and objectives. The change in our attitudes and mindsettowards the youth who constitute more than fifty per cent of our population is a must. 2. Unfortunately, this highly potential and vibrant resource has not been effectively and productivelyutilised, resulting in generation gaps which are unbridgeable. It is our onerous duty to bring them in mainstream in the task of national development and reconstruction to take the nation to resplendence and glory in the new millennium. The building of the nation is possible onlythrough the process of all round development and harnessing of the energies of our youth.3. H.G. Wells has truly said, “Men are born but citizens are made. A child takes to itself whatis brought to it.” The invasion of Western culture and the existing system of education could be blamed for failure of the youngsters to turn into talented individuals. It is inborn virtue conditioned with sustained cultural feedback with moral and ethical values that makes one astatesman. 4. Our new generation should feel inspired by great luminaries, such as, Mahatma Gandhi, Lokmanya Tilak, Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda and others who this country is proud to have produced.5. In the present scenario of criminalisation of politics, increasing violence and widespread erosionof cultural and social values dividing the country in the name of religion and caste, raising narrow walls of disintegration and drifting us apart, the youth should be saved from choosinga wrong path. We know that today's youngsters are the nation's future. 6. It is most important to develop in them the spirit of nationality and love for the country and,thus, give a new dimension to the national growth.7. The youth of today can prove to be no less patriotic, productive and value oriented than their predecessors, given the required impetus, opportunities and confidence in their ability. Withthis goes the 'Freedom of Thought and Experience'.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion:Who among these is/are the source(s) of inspiration for the youth? |
|
Answer» MAHATMA GANDHI |
|
| 285. |
1. Today, change is inevitable in all spheres of life and we are required to face the challenges of the changes to achieve our goals and objectives. The change in our attitudes and mindsettowards the youth who constitute more than fifty per cent of our population is a must. 2. Unfortunately, this highly potential and vibrant resource has not been effectively and productivelyutilised, resulting in generation gaps which are unbridgeable. It is our onerous duty to bring them in mainstream in the task of national development and reconstruction to take the nation to resplendence and glory in the new millennium. The building of the nation is possible onlythrough the process of all round development and harnessing of the energies of our youth.3. H.G. Wells has truly said, “Men are born but citizens are made. A child takes to itself whatis brought to it.” The invasion of Western culture and the existing system of education could be blamed for failure of the youngsters to turn into talented individuals. It is inborn virtue conditioned with sustained cultural feedback with moral and ethical values that makes one astatesman. 4. Our new generation should feel inspired by great luminaries, such as, Mahatma Gandhi, Lokmanya Tilak, Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda and others who this country is proud to have produced.5. In the present scenario of criminalisation of politics, increasing violence and widespread erosionof cultural and social values dividing the country in the name of religion and caste, raising narrow walls of disintegration and drifting us apart, the youth should be saved from choosinga wrong path. We know that today's youngsters are the nation's future. 6. It is most important to develop in them the spirit of nationality and love for the country and,thus, give a new dimension to the national growth.7. The youth of today can prove to be no less patriotic, productive and value oriented than their predecessors, given the required impetus, opportunities and confidence in their ability. Withthis goes the 'Freedom of Thought and Experience'.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion:We have not utilised the potentiality and energy of: |
|
Answer» the youth effectively |
|
| 286. |
1. Today, change is inevitable in all spheres of life and we are required to face the challenges of the changes to achieve our goals and objectives. The change in our attitudes and mindsettowards the youth who constitute more than fifty per cent of our population is a must. 2. Unfortunately, this highly potential and vibrant resource has not been effectively and productivelyutilised, resulting in generation gaps which are unbridgeable. It is our onerous duty to bring them in mainstream in the task of national development and reconstruction to take the nation to resplendence and glory in the new millennium. The building of the nation is possible onlythrough the process of all round development and harnessing of the energies of our youth.3. H.G. Wells has truly said, “Men are born but citizens are made. A child takes to itself whatis brought to it.” The invasion of Western culture and the existing system of education could be blamed for failure of the youngsters to turn into talented individuals. It is inborn virtue conditioned with sustained cultural feedback with moral and ethical values that makes one astatesman. 4. Our new generation should feel inspired by great luminaries, such as, Mahatma Gandhi, Lokmanya Tilak, Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda and others who this country is proud to have produced.5. In the present scenario of criminalisation of politics, increasing violence and widespread erosionof cultural and social values dividing the country in the name of religion and caste, raising narrow walls of disintegration and drifting us apart, the youth should be saved from choosinga wrong path. We know that today's youngsters are the nation's future. 6. It is most important to develop in them the spirit of nationality and love for the country and,thus, give a new dimension to the national growth.7. The youth of today can prove to be no less patriotic, productive and value oriented than their predecessors, given the required impetus, opportunities and confidence in their ability. Withthis goes the 'Freedom of Thought and Experience'.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion:We can have all round development in the country by: |
|
Answer» harnessing all our NATURAL WEALTH |
|
| 287. |
1. Today, change is inevitable in all spheres of life and we are required to face the challenges of the changes to achieve our goals and objectives. The change in our attitudes and mindsettowards the youth who constitute more than fifty per cent of our population is a must. 2. Unfortunately, this highly potential and vibrant resource has not been effectively and productivelyutilised, resulting in generation gaps which are unbridgeable. It is our onerous duty to bring them in mainstream in the task of national development and reconstruction to take the nation to resplendence and glory in the new millennium. The building of the nation is possible onlythrough the process of all round development and harnessing of the energies of our youth.3. H.G. Wells has truly said, “Men are born but citizens are made. A child takes to itself whatis brought to it.” The invasion of Western culture and the existing system of education could be blamed for failure of the youngsters to turn into talented individuals. It is inborn virtue conditioned with sustained cultural feedback with moral and ethical values that makes one astatesman. 4. Our new generation should feel inspired by great luminaries, such as, Mahatma Gandhi, Lokmanya Tilak, Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda and others who this country is proud to have produced.5. In the present scenario of criminalisation of politics, increasing violence and widespread erosionof cultural and social values dividing the country in the name of religion and caste, raising narrow walls of disintegration and drifting us apart, the youth should be saved from choosinga wrong path. We know that today's youngsters are the nation's future. 6. It is most important to develop in them the spirit of nationality and love for the country and,thus, give a new dimension to the national growth.7. The youth of today can prove to be no less patriotic, productive and value oriented than their predecessors, given the required impetus, opportunities and confidence in their ability. Withthis goes the 'Freedom of Thought and Experience'.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion:The youth constitute: |
|
Answer» 30 PER CENT of our POPULATION |
|
| 288. |
1. Today, change is inevitable in all spheres of life and we are required to face the challenges of the changes to achieve our goals and objectives. The change in our attitudes and mindsettowards the youth who constitute more than fifty per cent of our population is a must. 2. Unfortunately, this highly potential and vibrant resource has not been effectively and productivelyutilised, resulting in generation gaps which are unbridgeable. It is our onerous duty to bring them in mainstream in the task of national development and reconstruction to take the nation to resplendence and glory in the new millennium. The building of the nation is possible onlythrough the process of all round development and harnessing of the energies of our youth.3. H.G. Wells has truly said, “Men are born but citizens are made. A child takes to itself whatis brought to it.” The invasion of Western culture and the existing system of education could be blamed for failure of the youngsters to turn into talented individuals. It is inborn virtue conditioned with sustained cultural feedback with moral and ethical values that makes one astatesman. 4. Our new generation should feel inspired by great luminaries, such as, Mahatma Gandhi, Lokmanya Tilak, Rabindranath Tagore, Swami Vivekananda and others who this country is proud to have produced.5. In the present scenario of criminalisation of politics, increasing violence and widespread erosionof cultural and social values dividing the country in the name of religion and caste, raising narrow walls of disintegration and drifting us apart, the youth should be saved from choosinga wrong path. We know that today's youngsters are the nation's future. 6. It is most important to develop in them the spirit of nationality and love for the country and,thus, give a new dimension to the national growth.7. The youth of today can prove to be no less patriotic, productive and value oriented than their predecessors, given the required impetus, opportunities and confidence in their ability. Withthis goes the 'Freedom of Thought and Experience'.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion:We can achieve our goals and objectives by facing: |
|
Answer» the CHALLENGES of the TIMES |
|
| 289. |
Besides Oxen Meadows what is the other important cause of quarrel between Lomov and Natalya? |
| Answer» Solution :Natalya and Lomov have already quarrelled over the ownership of Oxen Meadows. Now CROPS up a fresh cause of their quarrel. It is over their dogs, SQUEEZER and Guess. Natalya thinks that their Squeezer is a thoroughbred ANIMAL. He is FAR better than his dog Guess. Natalya calls Guess an old and a WORTHLESS dog. The quarrel continues even after they are married. | |
| 290. |
Choose a word or expression that completes cach of the following sentences. One has been done for you. |
| Answer» Solution : The BOARD was CONCERNED about PLANS for TOURNAMENT . (concerned to, concern about, concerned at, concemed with) | |
| 291. |
Anger Management: As adults, one important thing to learn is how to manage our temper. Some of us tend to get angry quickly, while others remain calm. Can you think of three ill effects that result from anger? Note them down. Suggest ways to avoid losing your temper in such situations. Are there any benefits from anger? |
|
Answer» Solution :THREE ill-effects of Anger: 1. Anger increases blood pressure. 2. It affects the heart and creates MANY heart problems. 3. It creates stress, tensions and hyper tension. Suggestions to avoid losing temper: 1. Always remain calm and composed. 2. Don.t react in a negative manner. 3. ANALYSE THINGS calmly and deeply. 4. We should always keep our peace of mind. No, there are no benefits of anger. |
|
| 292. |
Carter found the mummified body cemented to the bottom of the |
|
Answer» GOLD coffin |
|
| 293. |
Can you imagine what these characters will quarrel about next?(For example, Lomov in the end calls Chubukov an intriguer, but earlier, Chubukov has himself called Lomov a "malicious, doublefaced intriguer." Again, Lomov begins by describing Natalya as "an excellent housekeeper, not bad looking, well-educated.") |
| Answer» Solution :All the characters in the PLAY are fickleminded, short-tempered and quarrelsome. They may QUARREL on any PETTY ISSUES. Actually, they relish quarrelling and will find some or other EXCUSES to quarrel on). | |
| 294. |
…………..(a)………….2004, the company was …………………(b)……………… again with reasonable stable finances and ………………..(c)…………….. Modest but steady share price of $1.60. One thing that ……………..(d)………………. To save it was ………………(e)…………… technology. With 20 million email accounts, it never lost a single major client .......................(f)................. the product keep .......................(g)......................... working. It ....................(h)................. |
|
Answer» in |
|
| 295. |
A young boy came to me yesterday. He was blind. |
| Answer» SOLUTION :A young BOY, who CAME to me YESTERDAY, was blind. | |
| 296. |
1. The film industry is facing the challenge of the television screen which, because of its ready availability and nearness to entertainment seekers, is becoming very popular, particularly in the West where television programmes are as indispensable to people as newspaper material. Sustained entertainment for multitudes lasting two or three hours is possible only in big cinema halls. Scenic beauty, background effects and colour techniques which have made the products of cinema industry so attractive and delightful may not be reproduced by television programme organisers, and therefore, this important invention in the field of wireless communication, inspite of having become a big rival of the cinema, may not succeed in replacing it.2. The motion picture has also stepped into the international sphere as an agent of goodwill and co-operation among nations. Cultural contacts which tend to reduce tension in the world and bring harmony in international relations have been established through the medium of films. The more people understand and appreciate the past history, present aims, customs, habits and beliefs of men and women in foreign lands, the more will they realise that their interests can best be served by establishing friendly relations with them and by removing those irritants which breed distrust, lack of co-operation and the desire to punish those whose views and attitudes are such as they do not like. As cultural agents movies can cement ties of love and brotherhood among nations and teach them to confer on each other the benefits of all the rich and glorious achievements of the present enlightened age. In recent years, artists of the film world have been visiting foreign lands with a view to presenting before audience in those countries the best products of their cultural heritage. Film festivals which many European and Asian countries have been organising from time to time have also proved to be of immense value in reducing social barriers, colour prejudices and other causes of friction between nations.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion: The film industry is facing the challenge of: |
|
Answer» the theatre |
|
| 297. |
1. The film industry is facing the challenge of the television screen which, because of its ready availability and nearness to entertainment seekers, is becoming very popular, particularly in the West where television programmes are as indispensable to people as newspaper material. Sustained entertainment for multitudes lasting two or three hours is possible only in big cinema halls. Scenic beauty, background effects and colour techniques which have made the products of cinema industry so attractive and delightful may not be reproduced by television programme organisers, and therefore, this important invention in the field of wireless communication, inspite of having become a big rival of the cinema, may not succeed in replacing it.2. The motion picture has also stepped into the international sphere as an agent of goodwill and co-operation among nations. Cultural contacts which tend to reduce tension in the world and bring harmony in international relations have been established through the medium of films. The more people understand and appreciate the past history, present aims, customs, habits and beliefs of men and women in foreign lands, the more will they realise that their interests can best be served by establishing friendly relations with them and by removing those irritants which breed distrust, lack of co-operation and the desire to punish those whose views and attitudes are such as they do not like. As cultural agents movies can cement ties of love and brotherhood among nations and teach them to confer on each other the benefits of all the rich and glorious achievements of the present enlightened age. In recent years, artists of the film world have been visiting foreign lands with a view to presenting before audience in those countries the best products of their cultural heritage. Film festivals which many European and Asian countries have been organising from time to time have also proved to be of immense value in reducing social barriers, colour prejudices and other causes of friction between nations.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion: Films have become agents of: |
|
Answer» vulgarity |
|
| 298. |
1. The film industry is facing the challenge of the television screen which, because of its ready availability and nearness to entertainment seekers, is becoming very popular, particularly in the West where television programmes are as indispensable to people as newspaper material. Sustained entertainment for multitudes lasting two or three hours is possible only in big cinema halls. Scenic beauty, background effects and colour techniques which have made the products of cinema industry so attractive and delightful may not be reproduced by television programme organisers, and therefore, this important invention in the field of wireless communication, inspite of having become a big rival of the cinema, may not succeed in replacing it.2. The motion picture has also stepped into the international sphere as an agent of goodwill and co-operation among nations. Cultural contacts which tend to reduce tension in the world and bring harmony in international relations have been established through the medium of films. The more people understand and appreciate the past history, present aims, customs, habits and beliefs of men and women in foreign lands, the more will they realise that their interests can best be served by establishing friendly relations with them and by removing those irritants which breed distrust, lack of co-operation and the desire to punish those whose views and attitudes are such as they do not like. As cultural agents movies can cement ties of love and brotherhood among nations and teach them to confer on each other the benefits of all the rich and glorious achievements of the present enlightened age. In recent years, artists of the film world have been visiting foreign lands with a view to presenting before audience in those countries the best products of their cultural heritage. Film festivals which many European and Asian countries have been organising from time to time have also proved to be of immense value in reducing social barriers, colour prejudices and other causes of friction between nations.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion: Three things which make cinema so attractive are: |
|
Answer» scenic beauty, BACKGROUND effects and BEAUTIFUL FACES |
|
| 299. |
1. The film industry is facing the challenge of the television screen which, because of its ready availability and nearness to entertainment seekers, is becoming very popular, particularly in the West where television programmes are as indispensable to people as newspaper material. Sustained entertainment for multitudes lasting two or three hours is possible only in big cinema halls. Scenic beauty, background effects and colour techniques which have made the products of cinema industry so attractive and delightful may not be reproduced by television programme organisers, and therefore, this important invention in the field of wireless communication, inspite of having become a big rival of the cinema, may not succeed in replacing it.2. The motion picture has also stepped into the international sphere as an agent of goodwill and co-operation among nations. Cultural contacts which tend to reduce tension in the world and bring harmony in international relations have been established through the medium of films. The more people understand and appreciate the past history, present aims, customs, habits and beliefs of men and women in foreign lands, the more will they realise that their interests can best be served by establishing friendly relations with them and by removing those irritants which breed distrust, lack of co-operation and the desire to punish those whose views and attitudes are such as they do not like. As cultural agents movies can cement ties of love and brotherhood among nations and teach them to confer on each other the benefits of all the rich and glorious achievements of the present enlightened age. In recent years, artists of the film world have been visiting foreign lands with a view to presenting before audience in those countries the best products of their cultural heritage. Film festivals which many European and Asian countries have been organising from time to time have also proved to be of immense value in reducing social barriers, colour prejudices and other causes of friction between nations.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion: The TV has become popular because of: |
|
Answer» its ENTERTAINING PROGRAMMES |
|
| 300. |
1. The film industry is facing the challenge of the television screen which, because of its ready availability and nearness to entertainment seekers, is becoming very popular, particularly in the West where television programmes are as indispensable to people as newspaper material. Sustained entertainment for multitudes lasting two or three hours is possible only in big cinema halls. Scenic beauty, background effects and colour techniques which have made the products of cinema industry so attractive and delightful may not be reproduced by television programme organisers, and therefore, this important invention in the field of wireless communication, inspite of having become a big rival of the cinema, may not succeed in replacing it.2. The motion picture has also stepped into the international sphere as an agent of goodwill and co-operation among nations. Cultural contacts which tend to reduce tension in the world and bring harmony in international relations have been established through the medium of films. The more people understand and appreciate the past history, present aims, customs, habits and beliefs of men and women in foreign lands, the more will they realise that their interests can best be served by establishing friendly relations with them and by removing those irritants which breed distrust, lack of co-operation and the desire to punish those whose views and attitudes are such as they do not like. As cultural agents movies can cement ties of love and brotherhood among nations and teach them to confer on each other the benefits of all the rich and glorious achievements of the present enlightened age. In recent years, artists of the film world have been visiting foreign lands with a view to presenting before audience in those countries the best products of their cultural heritage. Film festivals which many European and Asian countries have been organising from time to time have also proved to be of immense value in reducing social barriers, colour prejudices and other causes of friction between nations.On the basis of your reading of the above passage answer thequestion: The most appropriate sub-heading to the passage is |
|
Answer» Film INDUSTRY |
|