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Chewing gum is a type of gum for chewing made dates back 5000 years. Modern chewing gum originally made of chicle, natural latex from plant.

B) Diabetes insipidus

B) Distal convoluted tubule

The concentration of urine is more than that of blood concentration

(B) Vasopressin

A) Both a and b are true

Solenocytes are the excretory cells present in Amphioxus.

A) 700 – 800 ml

Vasopressin is responsible to pass concentrated urine.

Correct option is D) Sphincter relaxation

Antennal glands or green glands.

Antennal glands/ Green glands

Children pass urine during sleep at night because one or more of the following reasons. 

1. The child’s urinary bladder is maturing more slowly than usual. The capacity of the bladder may be reduced. 

2. The risk of child passing urine in night time is due to the hereditory factor that one or both parents wet the bed as children. 

3. Some children wet the bed because they do not make enough levels of vasopressin which reduces the urine production. 

4. Physical or emotional problems may cause bed wetting. 

5. A stressful situation can trigger bed wetting include moving to a new house, changing schools, the death of a loved one or being sexually given bad effect.

Yes. If we drink more water, we will pass more urine.

Afferent arteriole has more diameter than efferent arteriole.

Students can visit near by health centre under the guidance of the teacher.

The substances that are filtered into the glomerular capsule are waste molecules, nutrient molecules and water.

The other pressure affecting the filtration process is osmotic pressure of blood and filtrate hydrostatic pressure. Commonly effective filtration pressure (EFP) is represented as; 

EFP = Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus – (Osmotic pressure of blood + Filtrate Hydrostatic pressure) 

If EFP = 20 mmHg and Glomerular Hydrostatic pressure = 70 mmHg 20 = 70 – (Osmotic pressure of blood + Filtrate hydrostatic pressure) 

∴ (Osmotic pressure of blood + Filtrate hydrostatic pressure) = 70-20 Then (Osmotic pressure of blood + Filtrate Hydrostatic pressure) = 50 mmHg .

(A) Both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are true

Useful substances in primary urine are reabsorbed into the peritubular network.

Primary urine is almost equal to blood in chemical composition except for the presence of blood cells.

The kidney is bean-shaped from the inner side of each kidney, has fissure or hilus.

Urine formation occurs in four stages: 

They are

1. Glomerular filtration,

2. Tubular reabsorption,

3. Tubular secretion and

4. The concentration of urine.

1. Wash the kidney thorougly with water.

2. Ensure that blood is completely drained from it. 

3. Wash your hands with antibacterial lotion after completing the dissection.

Glomerulus filtrate is also called primary urine.

Malphigian body consists of a blind cupshaped broader end of nephron called Bowman’s capsule and bunch of blood capillaries called Glomerulus.

Each kidney is composed of a large number of uriniferous tubules or nephrons, which are structural and functional units of the kidney.

C) anti bacterial lotion

Seventy five percent of water content of the nephric filtrate is reabsorbed in the region of proximal convoluted tubule.

Glomerulonephritis is also called Bright’s disease and is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli of both kidneys and is usually due to post-streptococcal infection that occurs in children. Symptoms are haematuria, proteinuria, salt and water retention, oligouria, hypertension and pulmonary oedema.

Ureotelic animals excrete urea with minimum loss of water, e.g., Mammals and terrestrial amphibians. Uricotelic animals excrete uric acid with the least loss of water, e.g., Birds and reptiles.

(B) Cinchona

1. In summer season, transpiration rate is very high in plants. 

2. To reduce the transpiration rate plants shed their leaves. 

3. And some waste materials are also stored in leaves and removed by shedding of leaves. 

4. Bark is the outer zone of plants, which contain phloem to transport food materials. 

5. In the growing period cambium produces bark tissue. When new bark tissue is produced, the old bark is removed. 

6. In this process the old and dead cells filled with waste materials are also removed.

C) Get rid off the wastes

(B) Glomerulus

Urolithiasis is the condition of having calculi in the urinary tract (which also includes the kidneys), which may pass into urinary bladder.

The above substances can be classified into Enzymes, Hormones, Alkaloids and Vitamins. 

Enzymes: Ptyaline, Sucrase, Amylase, Tripsin 

Hormones: Testosterone, Adrenaline, Leptin Alkaloids: Morphine, Nicotine, Quinine 

Vitamins: Riboflavin, Thyamin, Niacine, Retinol, Calciferol.

The composition of various substances in urine are 96% of water, 2.5% of organic substances and 1.5% of inorganic solutes.

Urine contains all the other three substances. It is produced in kidney.

B) Abdominal cavity

A) One pair of kidneys, one pair of ureters, urinary bladder

Renal tubule consists three parts. They are Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle, and Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT).

C) Distal convoluted tubule