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Africa is nicknamed as the ‘Mother Continent’ as it was the oldest inhabited continent on Earth.

(a) North Western countries

The continent of Africa consists of 54 countries.

(c) Dark continent

Australia is highly dependent on road transport.

Africa is located in all the four hemisphere.

The Cash Crop of Australia is Wool.

(c) westerly winds

The Chief cash crop of Africa is Cotton

(c) New South Wales

(a) The Great Western Plateau

1. d 

2. a 

3. e 

4. b 

5. c

1. Ayers rock or Uluru

2. Great Victoria Desert

3. Lake Eyre

4. Great Dividing Range

5. Tiny coral polyps

6. River Murray

7. Xerophytes

8. Jackroos

9. Aborigines

10. Apple

11. Merino

12. Southeastern

13. Ross

14. Antarctica

15. Lambert glacier, Antarctica

(a) Great Dividing Range

There are six states and two Union Territory in Australia They are: 

1. New South Wales 

2. Queensland 

3. South Australia 

4. Tasmania 

5. Victoria 

6. Western Australia 

7. Northern Territory 

8. Capital Territory (Canberra).

Kalahari desert situated between the Orange and Zambezi Rivers.

The Physical divisions of Australia are – 

1. The Great Western Plateau 

2. The Central Low lands 

3. The Eastern High lands

Agriculture, forestry, fishing mining, manufacturing, trade and services are the major economic activities of Australia.

The second largest continent of the world is Africa

The African Great Lakes consist of 7 major lakes.

(b) Australia

1. Lake Victoria

2. Lake superior

3. Nile

4. Tanganyika

5. East Africa

6. Amazon

7. Congo

8. Veld

9. Egypt

10. River Nile

1. Antarctica is a unique continent. It does not have a native population.

2. There is no country in Antarctica.

3. It is the coldest continent with a permanent cover of ice.

4. It is the only continent called white continent.

1. d 

2. e 

3. a 

4. b 

5. c

1. Africa consists of mixture of land forms such as mountains, plateaus and plains.

The following are the 8 major physical divisions of Africa.

• Sahara
• Sahel
• Savanna
• The Great Rift Valley and the Great Lakes of Africa 
• East African Highlands 
• Swahili Coast 
• The Congo Basin or Zaire Basin 
• Southern Africa

2. Southern Africa.

• Most part of the Southern Africa is a plateau region. 
• Drakensberg Mountain is found in the eastern portion of the escarpment. 
• It extends from north east to south west for 1125 km. 
• Its highest peak is Thabana Ntlenyana (3482m). 
• This region is covered with grasslands known as ‘Veld’.
• Kalahari Desert lies in the south and Namib Desert is along the south -west shore of Africa.
• Kalahari Desert in this region is not actually a desert but, a bushy scrubland situated between the Orange and Zambezi Rivers.

1. Scientific studies show that the Antarctic continent is to be rich in gold, platinum, nickel, copper and petroleum.

2. Traces of chromium, lead, molybdenum, tin, uranium, and zinc are also seen.

3. The possible resources of this region also include silver, platinum, iron ore, cobalt,

manganese and titanium.

4. Coal and hydrocarbons have been explored in minimal non-commercial quantities.

1. Africa 

2. Accra 

3. Antarctica 

4. hot deserts 

5. Mount Koussi 

6. Qattara 

7. broder or margin 

8. savanna 

9. Serengeti

10. Serengeti

The Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic ocean are separated by Atlas moutain.

1. River Congo: 

• It is the second largest river of Africa. 
• Its rises in the highlands of North Eastern Zambia .
• Its length is about 4700km.
• Drains into the Atlantic Ocean

2. River Niger:

• It is one of the major rivers in West Africa.
• It rises from the highlands of Guinea.
• It flows for about 4184 km.
• Drains into the Gulf of Guinea on the Atlantic Ocean.

1. Ayers rock or Uluru is the largest monolith rock in the world.

2. It is found in the central part of The Great Western Plateau region.

3. It is 863 meters high above the sea level.

4. The pointed limestone pillars called Pinnacles are common in this region.

Flaora and Fauna: 

1. Since the temperature is below freezing point almost throughout the year, no major vegetation is found in this continent. 

2. Simple plants like algae, mosses, liverworts, lichens and microscopic fungi can survive and grow in Antarctica. 

3. Some algae live in the snow, while other plants grow on the coastal rocky land that is ice free. 

4. A few species of plants, such as plankton, algae and mosses are seen in and around, Antarctica’s fresh and saltwater lakes. 

5. Small red fish called krill are found in large shoals .It is the food for many warm blooded sea animals. 

6. The blue whale is the largest animal which feeds on plankton. All these animals and birds have a thick layer of fat called blubber which helps them to withstand the cold condition.

7. Penguin birds in Antarctica cannot fly. They have webbed feet and flipper instead of wings. Small invertebrates are the only land animals which lives in the continent.

1. Antarctica is the coldest continent in the world.

2. It is located in the polar region.

3. It has a permanent cover of ice.

(1) 1. Antarctica is the only continent called white continent.

2. It has a permanent cover of ice.

3. In some places its ice cap is 4,000 metres deep.

(2) 1. The international agreement on the continent of Antarctica does not permit the extraction of minerals. 

2. Hence the extraction of minerals does not take place.

1. The plants and trees in Australia are adapted to dry conditions.

2. They can survive for long period without water.

3. They are called Xerophytes.

1. Equatorial climate (Africa):

• It is found in the equatorial region covering the Congo River basin and east African highlands.
• Temperature and rainfall are high all the year round in this region.

2. Mediterranean climate (Africa)

• It is found in the north-western and south western tips of Africa.
• These regions get rainfall in winters while in summers it is hot and dry.

1. Atlas Mountain lies in the north- west of Africa.

2. It is a young fold mountain.

3. It separates the Mediterranean sea and Atlantic ocean.

4. The highest point is Mount Toubkal (4167m)

1. North – west Africa 

2. Mt. Kilimanjaro 

3. Eucalyptus 

4. Downs 

5. Dakshin Gangotri

1. Food and beverage manufacturing industry is the primary industry in Australia.

2. Finance, ship building, information and technology, mining, insurance, aviation and telecommunication industries are the other important industries.

1. Australia was the last of all the continents to be discovered.

2. It was due to its remoteness.

1. Australia has almost 400 mammal species and about 140 species of marsupials.

2. These are the animals that carry their young ones in their pouches.

3. Kangaroo is the national animal of Australia.

4. Koala, platypus Wallaby and Dingo are the other important animals of Australia.

5. The bird species like the laughing kookaburra, emu, and rainbow lorikeet are the major birds of Australia

1. Central Desert 

2. Gibson Desert 

3. Great Sandy Desert 

4. Great Victoria Desert 

5. Little Sandy Desert 

6. Simpson Desert 

7. Strzelecki Desert 

8. Tanami Desert

1. Africa is the second largest and second most populous continent after Asia.

2. It stretches from 37°21 ’North latitude to 34° 51 ’ South latitude and from 17°33’ West longitude to 51 °27 ’ East longitude. 

3. It spreads over an area of about 30.36 million square kilometres (20.2% of the world’s land area). 

4. The equator passes through the middle of Africa and cuts into two equal halves.

5. It is the only continent through which the major latitudes such as Tropic of Cancer, Equator and Tropic of Capricorn pass.

6. Its north-south extent is 7623 km and eastwest extent is 7260 km.

7. The Prime Meridian passes this continent.

8. Africa is located in all the four hemispheres.

(c) Suez Canal

(a) Both A and R is individually true and R is the correct explanation for A