Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

(b) 42nd amendment

44th constitutional amendment.

Yes, I do think that all the work of the government and courts should be done in Marathi in Maharashtra since Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra To achieve this

• Marathi, as well as non-Marathi speakers working in the government organizations and courts, should be given formal training in Marathi.
• Workshops can be conducted to train people for conversing and corresponding in Marathi.
• What should be done at the school – level

No, the rights cannot be taken away by anyone.

If rights are taken away one may appeal in the courts to seek justice for the same.

• There is no discrimination among citizens as superior – inferior, as men-women or while extending any protections like protection from arrest without a warrant.
• There is no discrimination among the citizens on the basis of religion, caste, race, sex, place of birth or residence.
• The inhuman practice of untouchability has been abolished in order to establish equality in the Indian society.
• Titles like Raja, Maharaja, Raobahadur etc. have also been abolished.

• The right to roam around freely, wherever and whenever they wish.
• Right to expression
• Right to eat whatever they want whenever they want.

i. Freedom to Assemble Peacefully.

ii. Freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.

iii. Freedom of Speech and Expression.

(a) Right to Protection:

• Right to be protected from all sorts of violence
• Right to be protected from physicaL and sexual abuse.
• Right to be protected from dangerous drugs.

(b) Right to Development:

• Right to education
• Right to learn
• Right to relax and play
• Right to all forms of development – emotional, mental and physical.

They ensure that the Right against Exploitation mentioned in the Constitution is honoured and the right is not denied to the workers and children.

In 1959 the system of Panchayati Raj Institutions implemented in the entire nation.

(b) Regarding Economic Security

06 fundamental rights are there in the Indian constitution at present.

Prevention detention means detention of a person without trial. It is not a process of punishing a person, but of preventing him from committing a crime. When the state is in the apprehension that a person is going to commit some offence and there is a danger to the security of the state by his offence or it is getting threats, the state can detain a person for a limited time without trial. Although the person cannot be detained for more than three months under this law, unless the detention is approved by an Advisory Board consisting of at least a judge with qualification for appointment as a judge of the High court. The government has made two laws related to prevention detention. 

These are :

 1. The National Security Act 

2. The Unlawful Activities Prevention Amendment Ordinance.

• Right to Equality : 
• In Indian constitution right to equality has been mentioned in the articles from 14 to 18. For this, the following provisions have been made in the Indian constitution: 
• Article 14 : It mentions that all the citizens of India are equal before the law. Every citizen is entitled to equal protection of the law without any discrimination.
• Article 15 : It directs the state that no citizen faces discrimination on the basis of religion, origin, caste, gender, or birth place.
• Article 16 : This article guarantees all the citizens equal opportunities of public services under the state. There will be no discrimination in the public services on the basis of religion, caste, gender etc.
• Article 17 : Under this article, the practice of untouchability has been completely abolished in the constitution with view to increasing equality.
• Article 18 : According to this article the Indian citizens shall not accept any tittle except in the field of education or in army. Besides this, an Indian citizen shall not accept any foreign title without due permission from the President of India.

The government issued the National Security Ordinance in December 1980, which later became a law. The aim of this ordinance was to detain those people responsible for dangerous activities or communal or ethnic riots keeping in mind the security of the country. National security Act is a provision of Prevention Detention only. In June 1984, National Security Act Second Amendment Ordinance was issued mentioning that this ordinance shall be applicable throughout India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Some changes were made in it, making it stricter. First amendment made in it, was that after the expiry of the first preventive detention order of a person or in the event of taking it back, a person may be detained by issuing a second order. Another provision made was that decision will be taken on each reason of detention by considering each reason separately in the court.

Fundamental rights and fundamental duties are a main pillar is the Indian constitution. The constitution has provided fundamental rights and fundamental duties to all its citizens for their overall development. There is a special relationship between fundamental rights and duties. Rights and duties are complementary to each other. One person’s rights are duties of another person, therefore, we cannot imagine the existence of rights in the absence of duties. 

In the constitution of 1950, there was provision of fundamental rights only for the citizens, but hot of duties. But in 1976, while making the 42nd amendment in the constitution, it was felt that the fundamental duties of the citizens must be mentioned. Therefore in section 4 (a) of the constitution, 10 fundamental duties of the citizens were added. 

Without performing duties, making use of rights is not possible. These duties have been mentioned create feeling of patriotism in the citizens. Rights and duties are two sides of the same coin. The citizens have some responsibilities towards their nation. Performing duties is considered the highest form of religion. If we want our rights, we must be ready to perform our duties also.

Fundamental duties mentioned in the constitution of India clarify that every person : 

1. Follows the constitution and respects its ideals, institutions, national flag and national anthem. 

2. Upholds and protects the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India. 

3. Defends the country and renders national service when called upon to do so. 

4. Promotes harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood among the people of India, transcending religious, linguistic, and regional diversities, and renounces practices derogatory to the dignity of women. 

5. Safeguards public property and abjures violence.

Cultural and Educational Rights:

1. These Rights are measures to protect the rights of cultural, linguistic and religious minorities, by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them against discrimination.
2. Under Cultural and Educational Rights, any citizen can get admission in educational institution or granted institution without getting discriminated on the basis of religion, caste, creed or language.
3. The Indian Constitution states that religious and language minority groups will have the right to administer and start their own educational institutions.
4. It states that no minority, other than the ones suggested in the Article will have the right to establish any institution.
5. It also prohibits discrimination against any citizen for admission into any educational institution maintained or aided by the state, on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
6. This right is subject to the power of the state to impose reasonable regulations regarding educational standards, conditions of service of employees, fee structure, and the utilization of any aid granted by it.
7. Any section of citizens having a distinct language, script culture of its own, the right to conserve and develop the same, and thus safeguards the rights of minorities by preventing the state from imposing external cultural on them.

Following Fundamental Duties have been listed in our Constitution:

1. To abide by an respect the Constitution, the National Flag, and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideas of our national freedom struggle.
3. To uphold and protect sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national services as and when required.
5. To promote common brotherhood of all people in India and renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of the nation’s composite culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
8. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
9. To develop the scientific temples, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
10. To strive towards excellence is all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
11. To provide opportunities for education to child, ward between the age of six to fourteen years.

(a)  Kautilya

(a) Equality before law: 

Article 14 guarantees to every person, “equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.” The Constitution forbids discrimination between persons placed in similar circumstances or conditions. The Supreme Court has directed the Parliament to create Special Courts for the speedy trial of offences committed by persons holding high offices. 

(b) Equality of opportunity in matters of Public Employment: 

Article 16, lays down that there shall be equal opportunity for citizens, “in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State”. There shall be no discrimination against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth residence or any of them in respect of any employment under the State. 

There are however three limitations: 

1. For State employment, the parliament may make laws prescribing any requirement as to ‘residence’. Posts which require a knowledge of the locality and of the language of the area are confined to it, 

2. For members from backward classes, not adequately represented in the services under the State, the State may reserve posts for them, 

3. There may be a law which requires that the holder of an office of any religious institution shall be a person professing that particular religion.

In an Emergency, Fundamental Rights are adversely affected e.g., one is not free to make speeches. The holding of gathering or assembly is banned, one cannot unnecessarily move about here and there.

Answer is: Untouchability.

The Constitution has abolished titles like Raja,, Maharaja, Raobahadur etc., that create aq artificial hierarchy among people.

Only when all individuals get protection from injustice, exploitation, discrimination and deprivation, will the individuals be able to j develop their skills and qualities.

Demanding one’s rights is insisting on creating an atmosphere conducive to the development of the self as well as the entire society.

Right to Education ensures that no child between the age of 6 and 14 will be deprived of education.

Bonded labour or forcing somebody to work against his wish, treating somebody like a slave, denying them legitimate compensation, making them do excessive or strenuous work, starving them or illtreating them are different forms of exploitation which are prevented through Right against Exploitation.

Answer is: Factories, Mines.

Answer is: 6 - 14 years.

According to the Right to Equality, the State cannot discriminate among citizens as superior-inferior or a men-women and cannot give different treatment or privileges to anybody. The same law applies equally to all. Many laws give protection. For example, we have protection from arrest without warrant. The State cannot discriminate even while extending such protection.

i. Habeas Corpus

ii. Quo Warranto

iii. Mandamus

iv. Prohibition.

(i) The right against exploitation implies the right to prevent exploitation.

(ii) While the Constitution has banned all types of oppressions through the right against exploitation, it has made a special provision to prevent the exploitation of children.

(iii) Accordingly, it is prohibited to employ children under 14 years of age in hazardous places.

(iv) Children cannot be employed or made to work in factories and mines.

(v) Exploitation includes bonded labour or forcing somebody to work against his wish, treating somebody like a slave, denying them legitimate compensation, making them do excessive or strenuous work, starving them or ill-treating them.

(vi) Generally women, children, the weaker sections of society and powerless people are exploited.

(vii) This right enables us to stand up against any kind of exploitation.

Currently there are 22 scheduled languages in India.

According to Right to Freedom of Religion, each Indian citizen is free to practise any religion and to establish institutions for religious reasons.

• One of our Fundamental Rights is Cultural and Educational Rights.
• Our Constitution has given the different communities the rights to preserve their cultural uniqueness.

(i) In case of encroachment of Fundamental Rights, the Indian citizens have the right to get judicial remedies.

(ii) The Right to Constitutional Remedies is a Fundamental Right. So we can move the court if there is an encroachment on Fundamental Rights.

Protection of Fundamental Rights by courts ensure that the citizens are able to exercise their Fundamental Rights and that they can fulfil their roles as alert, responsible and active citizens.

We can see that there is a great diversity of festivals, food and ways of life in the social life of our country.

The communities can establish institutions for the development of their language.

The Right to Constitutional Remedies is the Fundamental Right which ensures that there is no encroachment on our Fundamental Rights.

1. Right to equality. 

2. Right to constitutional remedies.

The state cannot interfere in fundamental rights.

The fundamental rights given in the constitution help in curbing the powers of the Executive and Legislature.

1. To Provide security to every citizen. 

2. To put a check on free-willing of the government.

To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

Part-Ill of the Constitution which deals with Fundamental 

Rights have been criticised on the following grounds: 

1. The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses. The Phrases ‘Security of the State’, ‘public order’ and ‘morality’ are general and of wide implication. There is also the provision of preventive detention. Acts like MISA (Maintenance of Internal Security Act), and NS A (National Security Act) seemed to eat away the essence of the rights. 

2. The phrases like ‘reasonable restrictions’ or ‘in the interests of public order’ are vague or ill-defined. They shall lead to unnecessary litigation. 

3. During the proclamation of Emergency, many rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of assembly may suspend the right to move the Supreme Court or High Court for the enforcement of other rights as well, (except the rights conferred by Articles 20 and 21).

To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

A citizen who is a parent or guardian has a duty “to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and fourteen years.”