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An operating system provides a platform on which other applications programs can be installed. It also provides the environment within which programs are executed. It can be termed as a program or system software that acts as an intermediary between user and hardware.

Resource Manager/Allocator - It manages the system resources in an unbiased fashion in both hardware(mainly CPU time, memory, system buses) and software(access, authorization, semaphores) and provides the functionality to application programs.

Operating System controls and coordinates the use of resources among various application programs.

Computer Hardware - CPU, Memory units, I/O devices, system bus, registers, etc, provides the basic computing resources.

System and Application Programs - Defines the way in which these resources are used to solve the computing problems of the user.

• Process Management


• Memory Management


• I/O device management


• File Management


• Network Management


• Security and Protection

• To speed up the processing job with similar types, the tasks are batched together and were run through the processor as a group batch.


• In some operating systems, grouping is done by the operator while in some systems, it is performed by the Batch Monitor resisted in the low end of the main memory.


• The jobs are bundled into batches with similar requirements.


• Then the submitted jobs were grouped as FORTRAN jobs, COBOL jobs, etc.

• A single program cannot, in general, keep either the CPU or the I/O devices busy all times. The basic idea of a multiprogramming operating system is it keeps several jobs in the main memory simultaneously.


• The OS picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in memory. Eventually, the jobs may have to wait for some task, such as an I/O operation, to complete.

• In the modern OS, we are able to play MP3 music, edit documents, surf the web all running at the same time.


• For multitasking to take place, firstly there should be multiprogramming i.e. presence of multiple programs for execution. And secondly the concept of time-sharing.

• A real-time system is a time-bound system that has well-defined fixed time constraints. Processing must be done within the defined constraints or the system will fail.


• RTOS is intended to serve real-time applications that process data as it comes in, typically without buffer delays. It is used in an environment where a large number of events must be accepted and processed in a short time.

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Features of Operating System
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