Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Jana Gana Mana sung by Rabidranath Tagore is used as audio source of history.

The Satavahana empire extended from the river Narmada in the north to the Tunga- bhadra river in the south.

Gautamiputra Satakarni was awarded the title Trisamudra-toya-peet-vahan’.

Yes. We can know the history on the basis of pottery and vessels of clay or metal.

On the basis of which people of the history used the pottery and vessels of clay and metal and the paintings made on them, the historical information can be obtained.

Sources of history can be served on the basis of old items from our surroundings as, idols of old time, coins, tools, Terracota utensils and metal utensils, inscriptions, copper plates, Bhojapatras, pictures, old . monuments, forts, ponds, step-wells, etc. Moreover, we get information related to history by different pictures ‘ and articles from the collection book.

In indirect democracy, the people elect their representatives and these representatives run the administration. At present, most of the countries have indirect democracy. 

Two types of system are established in indirect democracy: 

1. Presidential form of government:

In this form of government, the Head of executive (President) uses all powers on his own in real terms. He is not responsible to the Parliament of representatives elected by the people. Like the President of United States of America. Here, the President himself uses the powers of executive. He is not responsible to the Congress (legislature). 

2. Parliamentary system of administration: 

In this form of system of governance, the real powers of the Head of executive are used by the ‘cabinet’ under the leadership of Prime Minister. The president is a nominal head only. The executive is responsible to the legislature. The powers of the President of the executive in India are used by the ‘council of ministers’ under the leadership of the Prime Minister.

On the completion of the hundred years, the newspapers and magazines publish special edition of the memorable events of the century and pictorial description of such events. The special events which took place during the century are described along with pictures in it. By studying this special edition, one can learn the history of 100 years.

Over and above this, for knowing the history of more than 100 years, old buildings, inscriptions, idols, coins, copper plates, pictures, old volumes, forts, step-wells, ponds, temples, etc. can be used.

Distinction between Constitutional Monarchy and Republican Democracy : 

Constitutional Monarchy: 

It is a type of democracy. In this, the state head is appointed on hereditary basis. In it, in principle, monarchy exists, but in practical form, Indirect democracy is found to be working.

The powers of state head, appointed on hereditary basis, are used by the ‘council of ministers’ under the leadership of Prime Minister. The king only reigns, and does not administer. The king does not have any answer-ability towards the acts performed, but some other persons are answerable for the king’s works. 

Example : Britain, here even today, constitutional monarchy exists. 

Republican Democracy: 

This is also a sort of democracy, wherein President of the state is elected on the basis of proportional representation system. The chosen state President is accepted by the people in the form of elected President. This is a symbol of republican system. For example : United States of America. Here, this republican system has been adopted.

• Dictatorship of ancient time 
• Contemporary dictatorship.

In ancient times, at the event of sudden eruption of any crisis, dictatorial system of governance was established to deal with it.

(d) Non-qualification

(d) All of the above

Such a democratic state, where the head of the state is appointed on hereditary basis, is called constitutional monarchy.

Democracy, administration of unqualified persons: 

Administration is an art, for which perfection, qualification and experience are mandatory required. Democracy is an administration of majority and the governance is run by those, who have no knowledge of governance. The knowledge of administration, training and experience are not found in all the persons.

Merely on the basis of simple knowledge, they enter into the system of administration, which is a denotation of ineligibility. Unqualified persons get entry into politics in democracy on the basis of money and muscle, and because of this, crowd of unqualified persons is found in democracy. In democracy, quantity carries more value than quality.

Because of ignorance, a voter casts his vote to such a person who is not at all deserving. Leakey, the political thinker, writes correctly that, “The administration happens in the hands of ignorant, uneducated and unqualified persons in democracy. It is an administration of crowd.”

(c) Great Britain

In dictatorship it is the tendency of the regime to crush emotions and desires of general public.

An example of indirect democracy is India.

(c) Dictatorship

In this era of globalization, democratic system of governance is the best because there has developed a concept of global unity because of globalization. In such a scenario and consolidation, democracy can only be helpful because it is capable and helpful in maintaining human rights. Though there are certain drawbacks in democratic system of governance, yet still it is the best system of administration. In the present process of globalization, the entire world has been changed into a ‘Global village’, and hence, in this situation, “government of the people, by the people and for the people” is quite appropriate.

The following is the difference between democracy versus dictatorship and aristocracy: 

Democracy:

Such a system of governance, as expected, where sovereignty resides in people, is called democracy. This administration is people’s administration. In this, people, directly or indirectly, through the elected representatives, run the government. In this, government is answerable to the people. This system works for public welfare. In case, it is not performing as expected, the people have the right to change it in the following election.

Dictatorship: 

Such an administration, where sovereignty rests in one person, is called dictatorship. In this, governance rests with one person or a group of persons. He remains in power by virtue of his military strength. In this type of administration, the people have no voice, no rights. In this, a common person has no value. Because of being based on violence and terror, there is always a possibility of revolution. It is against the democratic process.

Aristocracy: 

In aristocracy, political governance is in the hands of some persons of the society, whose base is not intellect and knowledge, but it includes persons born in high class of the society or the wealthy class. In it, heredity is more important. In this type of administration, there is immense possibility of revolution since the people hate the administrator and administration. General public is treated with bias. Aristocracy is just opposite to democratic perception.

In countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

(d) All of the above

Merits of Democracy: 

1. Public Welfare: 

Democratic system is regarded to be, a symbol of public welfare, development and convenience. In democracy, by means of policies, programmes, and orders, efforts are made to provide maximum welfare to the maximum number of people. Democratic government is run by the representatives of the people. These representatives are elected for a fixed tenure. And so, these representatives pay special attention towards their constituencies.

2. Development of morality in citizens:

In democracy,. national character and morality develops in citizens. Various traits such as devotion towards the country, sacrifice, service, tolerance, etc. work as positive factors for the citizens to join hands with the nation. Morality prevents democracy from going corrupt. 

3. Cultural unity: 

Democracy tries to establish cultural unity among various castes, communities, classes, organizations. Democracy extends patronage to the interests of all citizens. It thinks for the welfare of all. 

4. Safety from revolution: 

In dictatorship, revolution is the only means to get ‘freed’ from autocratic and brutal administrators, but in democracy, after a definite interval, elections are conducted to elect the government again. The people can throw away the corrupt government through constitutional means. Therefore, people need not revolt in democracy. 

5. Public cooperation: 

Democracy is the only means to develop the spirit of public cooperation in the people. In democracy, there is an expectation of public cooperation for the resolution of national problems. 

6. To provide political training: 

Democracy provides political training to its citizens. In it, people are given political training through local institutions. By this, political interest develops in its citizens, and they participate in government works by all possible efforts and means. 

7. The most efficient administration: 

Garner says, “Because of system of popular election, popular control and popular responsibility, this system of administration is more efficient in comparison to any other systems.” 

Demerits of Democracy: 

1. Administration of incapable persons: 

Aristotle, while regarding democracy a distorted form of administration, termed it as an incompetent administration. The persons, leaders, politicians, who are included in democracy, are thought to be incapable because they do not have any political training. 

2. Corruption: 

In democracy, the administration is run by different parties. The ruling party appoints the persons of its choice at higher posts and this gives birth to corruption. 

3. Political propaganda: 

In democracy, the problems, which are put before the people, are in distorted form in order to confuse and misdirect the people. Improper allegations are made against each other. In this way, it is clear that there is a lot of false political propaganda in democracy. 

4. Spending of money afraid time: 

There is great expenditure of money and time. A great deal of time is wasted in the process of its management. A huge amount of money is spent in election process. 

5. Party system defective: 

In democracy, political parties remain in conflict with one another. They are not mutually cooperative, and remain in constant conflict. 

6. Rule of the minority people: 

In general, democracy is regarded as system of rule of minority over the majority. The representatives elected in the elections for administration are less in number (minority). Only professional politicians are included in administration. And obviously, they make efforts to remain in the system of administration. Sometimes, they change the party or sometimes they appear before the people with a changed election symbol. Deserving people do not get a chance to enter in political field.

Government is the most important factor of a state. It is the soul of state. It means that a government is the physical manifestation of the state, but government is not sovereign, whatever power it has, these are held by it by the virtue of being the representative of the state.

Different forms of Government: 

In different forms of government, the major ones are monarchy, aristocracy, dictatorship and democracy: 

(1) Monarchy: 

Monarchy is such a system of governance, wherein the supreme power of state rests in one person or a king. In historical context, monarchy is possibly the most ancient system of administration. In previous eras, this system of governance was prevalent in almost all the countries of the world.

In monarchy, qualities are less and defects are more. Monarchy, in the hands of incapable and selfish kings, turns it into a system of sheer injustice. The distorted form of monarchy is autocracy. Hence, at present, monarchy is considered as discarded system of governance. 

(2) Aristocracy: 

This means, a system of governance, wherein power of governance is centralized in the hands of some persons on the basis of their birth or an elite lineage. In Greece, aristocracy was the recognized system of governance. Plato and Aristotle had supported this. In aristocracy, law is all pervading. In this system, State and government are operated on the basis of intellect, quality and culture, but the general public is dealt with discrimination. This type of administration is an impediment to social progress. This is also against democratic concept.

(3) Dictatorship: 

In this type of system of governance, the power rests in the hands of a person or a group of persons. Dictator has monopoly on governance. In this mechanism, the ruler has unlimited powers. He gets the power through unconstitutional means and retains this by military strength. There is a centralization of powers in such an administration. Instead of being based on laws, administration is based on whims of the ruler.

In this type of administration, the administrator, while putting people under psychological control, decimates their emotions, desires and liberties. The spirit of justice, equality and freedom is rarely existent. Restrictions are imposed on citizens.

(4) Democracy: 

This system of administration is accepted as the best way of governance. In this mechanism, besides freedom, equality and justice, the people are provided enormous rights in economic, social, political and cultural spheres. In the backdrop of democracy there is public force. For the works of public welfare, public interest and development and also for the establishment of benevolent principles, goals, concept and objectives and their achievement, this system of administration is established. In this, people’s desire is the symbol of sovereignty. The people are allpowerful. The people have control on administration through adult franchise.

Reasons why – Aristocracy or dictatorship have become untenable in present time: The present world is tending towards goodwill, fraternity and peace, and as such, the governance system in different countries should be such that the people run the administration through their elected representatives. Government should work for public welfare. There should be moral, social and political development and the spirit of people’s cooperation. There should be peace all around and no place for violence. All these conditions are not obviously possible in aristocracy or dictatorship.

In aristocracy, administration is in the hands of the weal-they or those who are born in high-class families and common people are given biased treatment. There are instances of violent revolutions in it. In the same way, the governance is autocratic in dictatorship. All the liberties of the people are curtailed. In this way, both the systems—Aristocracy and dictatorship have less merits and more demerits. Hence, at present, aristocracy and dictatorship have become untenable.

• Against democratic process 
• Supreme place to the state

Dictatorship: 

Dictatorship refers to such an administration of a person or a group of persons who forcibly take control of the governance of the state and use it in an unrestricted way. In this system of governance, the administration becomes all powerful, autocratic and free – willing. It controls other people in a psychological way and oppresses their emotions, desires and liberties. The spirit of justice, equality and freedom does not exist in it. In this system, common people are put under restrictions. Those persons, who refuse to comply with the dictate of the rules, are dealt with cruelly. It is against the democratic doctrines.

Aristocracy: 

Aristocracy is such a system of administration, wherein state governance is cent-red in the hands of some high-born persons who have hobble qualities.. In Greece, the system of aristocracy was a recognised system. Plato and Aristotle have described this in detail. In this system, the citizens remain quite distant from the governing class. In aristocracy, laws are all pervasive. State and government are operated on the basis of intellect, ability and culture.

The artisans of Lothal made different weapons like sickles, drills and needles, etc. with copper and bronze. Also they prepared utensils, idols, and pots. Arms and ammunition for wars were made up of metal.

The President is elected in Republic.

Telerand said this.

Characteristics of Democracy: 

1. In Democracy, people are all powerful. They indirectly exercise control over governance. 

2. For active participation in the activities of governance in democracy, the citizens have the right of adult franchise. 

3. Citizens have freedom of expression in democracy. 

4. In democracy, there is political and social equality. 

5. Democracy provides freedom and rights to its citizens in equal form. 

6. In democracy, the basic institutional structure is described in the constitution. 

7. Representatives chosen by the people have answer-ability to them in democracy. 

8. Democracy has free and fair judiciary. 

9. Democracy has the rule of majority. 

10.In democracy, elections are held at a fixed time.

“Democracy is the best administration of the world” due to these reasons: 

1. Besides freedom, equality and justice, democracy provides to the people, economic, social, political and cultural rights in a big way. 

2. The core point of democracy is public welfare. In this system of administration, the government tries to perform welfare of the people by way of policies, programmes and orders. 

3. In democracy, different kinds of liberties are provided to the people, and there is a provision to approach judiciary for the protection of these liberties. 

4. In democracy, ample and equal opportunities are provided to the people to develop their abilities, capabilities and personality. 

5. In democracy, while opposing war, all national and international problems are resolved by peaceful negotiation, law – formation, treaties and agreements. 

6. Democracy is such a system, wherein there is stability. There is little possibility of revolution in it. 

7. Democracy establishes cultural unity between various castes, communities, classes and organizations. 

8. Every work is performed with public cooperation in democracy.

Maclver said this.

Correctly matched column:

We come to know of life of man and ancient Indian History from the Vedic literature.

Before the vedas were written, the ancient Indian had developed the technique of memorizing and reciting them.

Correct option is C. Archaeologist

Correct option is: (a) diet

(d) Amrita Devi

Artefacts, articles, monuments or their ruins are called the ‘material sources’ of history.

We get information about the diet of the ancient people from the remains of foodgrains, seeds and bones of animals found in excavation.

The result of close relationship between nature, environment and human life is natural heritage.

• The stone age people have recorded many events and expressed their emotions in paintings on rocks. 
• It was only after thousands of years that man learnt the art of writing.

In the past, materials like potsherds, unbaked bricks, bark of birch trees and copper plates were used for writing.

The archaeologists use vessels of clay and metal of ancient time, weapons of stone, ornaments, idols, pictures, seals, instruments, coins, stamps, inscriptions, copper plates, Bhojapatras, old monuments, forts, ponds, temples, step-wells, etc. for knowing history.

The word Garba is derived from the word ‘Garbh deep’. Earthen lamp is placed in a holed earthen pot. Dancers keep it on their head and move around in circle. Garbas are performed during Navratri festival.

A child inherits physical and mental characteristics from the parents by birth is known as genetic inheritance.

(d) All of these

Correct option is (b) Jal Cooper

Correct option is (b) Mumbai