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Due to rigid policy of Sir John Shore the fame of East India Company was declined and Marathas became stronger. So, Wellesley got the responsibility of making Company rule Supreme in India. Thus, he introduce Subsidiary Alliance System.

Dalhousie brought about the following reforms:

• The first railway line in India between Mumbai and Thane in 1853, was started by Dalhousie.
• He started wireless system between India and England.
• He established public work department.
• He introduced English education.
• He passed laws to ban child marriage and advocated widow remarriage.

The Act of 1935 also made provisions for the establishment of a Federal Public Service Commission at the Centre and the Provincial Public Service Commissions in the various provinces.

Provision was also made for a Joint Public Service Commission in two or more Provinces. Although, the main aim of this measure was to serve the British interests, it became the base of the civil service system in independent India.

According to the Indian High Courts Act, 1861 three High Courts were set up in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

During the early stage of British rule, three separate armies had been organised in three Presidencies of Bengal, Bombay and Madras.

The Subsidiary Alliance:

1. Lord Wellesley introduced the system of Subsidiary Alliance to bring the princely states under the control of the British.

2. It was the most effective instrument for the expansion of the British territory and political influence in India.

3. The princely state was called ‘the protected state’ and the British came to be referred as ‘the paramount power’.

4. It was the duty of the British to safeguard the state from external aggression and to help its ruler in maintaining internal peace.

Main Features of Subsidiary Alliance:

1. An Indian ruler entering into this alliance with the British had to dissolve his own armed forces and accept British Forces.

2. A British Resident would stay in his capital.

3. Towards the maintenance charges of the army, he should make annual payments or cede some territory permanently to the Company.

4. All the non – English European officials should be turned out of his state.

5. The native ruler should deal with foreign states only through the English Company.

6. The British would undertake to defend the state from internal trouble as well as external attack.

(d) Eyre Coote

After the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the company was granted undisputed right to have free trade in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. It received the place of 24 parganas in Bengal.

During the eighteenth century, when the East India Company began recruitment for its own army, it started recruiting peasants and began training them as professional soldiers. Like the Mughal army, the Company’s army was also composed of the cavalry and the infantry regiments, with the cavalry dominating the army. However, as warfare technology changed during the nineteenth century, the cavalry requirements of the Company’s army declined. As the soldiers had to be armed with muskets and matchlocks, the infantry regiments became more important.

The infantry regiment became more important. In the early nineteenth century the British began to develop a uniform military culture. Soldiers were increasingly subjected to European-style training. Now, drill and discipline that regulated their life far more than before.

The Company made a proper system of administration. The Indian rulers did not have a proper system of administration. The Company took suggestions from pundits and maulvis before making new laws for criminal and civil cases. The Indian rulers seldom thought about respecting local sensibilities before making any rule.

(i) British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called Presidencies. There were three Presidencies like – Bengal, Madras & Bombay whereas under the Indian rulers administration was divided into four parts – District (Zila), Paragana, Tehsil and Villages.
(ii) Each administrative unit was ruled by a Governor.
(iii) The supreme head of the administration was the Governor-General, whereas under the Indian Administrative system the supreme head was King or Nawab.
(iv) Warren Hastings introduced the new system of justice. Each district was to have two courts- civil & criminal court.
(v) The European District Collector presided over civil courts.
(vi) The criminal courts were still under a Qazi and a Mufti.
(vii) Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new supreme court was established.
(viii) The main figure in an Indian District was Collector.
(ix) According to his title Collector, his main job was to collect the revenue and the taxes and maintain law & order in his district with the help of judges, police officers and darogas.

Terms and conditions of Subsidiary Alliance System were as follows:

1. The army trained by the East India Company Government will be provided to the state that accepts the system.
2. In return, the state accepting the system will provide the army or give away provinces with equivalent income to the British.
3. Without the permission of the Company, the state will not wage war or sign treaty with other states.
4. There will be one English representative in the state assembly.
5. Other foreigners not to be employed in the state.
6. State rulers such as Nizam, Mysore, Awadh, Gaikwad, Scindia, Bholse, Holkar, accepted the System.

(c) Cornwallis

(a) Thomas Hislop

As per the Government of India Act of 1858, the maximum age for competitors of civil services examination was fixed at 23

In 1869, three Indians – Surendra Nath Banerje, Ramesh Chandra Dutt and Bihari Lai Gupta became successful in the I.C.S. examination.

In 1923, a Royal Commission on Public Services was appointed with Lord Lee of Fareham as chairman. This commission recommended that recruitment to all-Indian services like the Indian Civil Service, the Indian Police Service and the Indian Forest Service should be made and controlled by the Secretary of State for India. The Lee Commission recommended the immediate establishment of a Public Service Commission.

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True 

(d) Residences of common people situated on the lower part of town

During excavating several sites, our architects learnt about the ancient architecture and skills of people in those days. In ancient time, the towns were divided into three sections:

1. Fort of rulers (Citadel)
2. Houses of administrative officers situated on the upper part of town
3. Residences of common people situated on the lower part of town.

upper part of town (3) Residences of common people situated in the lower part of town. Upper part of the town was elevated and safe with double-storeyed houses having two to five rooms. Houses on the lower part of the town were single-storeyed mainly constructed with hand-made bricks. Roads in the towns were straight and long, intersecting one another at right angles. The roads were wide enough for a number of vehicles to pass at a time. People of Indus Valley Civilization had developed many more beautiful and systematic towns compared to other civilizations of the world from the architectural point of view.

(b) Gondal Rozadi

In 1990, Archeological Survey of India surveyed the heap of ruins of a huge and a systematic ancient town. The town was contemporary to Harappan Civilization and was found 2 km away from Dholaveera village at Khadirbet, in vast desert of Bhachau taluka about 140 km. away from Bhuj.

• Special task of excavation was carried out under the guidance of Ravindra Singh Bisht.

Salient features of Dholaveera:

• It is one of the five largest Harappan sites and most prominent archaeological sites in India belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. It had very big cities.
• The most striking feature of the city is that all city buildings were built of stone, whereas most other Harappan sites, including Harappa itself and Mohenjodaro, were almost exclusively built of brick.
• The remains found here like the palaces and main walls of town were painted with white color. Such fortified walls made of clay, stone and bricks, encircling town suggest strong security measures that the people of these civilizations took.
• The sites also had provision for potable water and a proper purification system.

Roads: These are the main feature of town planning of Mohenjodaro. The roads were 9.75 metres wide. Roads in the towns were straight and long. They were built from north to south and east to west intersecting each other at right angles. The roads were wide enough for a number of vehicles to pass at a time. Pits on the roadside suggest that there might have been lamp posts. The comers were rounded off to make it easy for the movement of heavy carts. Drainage system: It is a unique feature of town planning Mohenjodaro.

This system was built to drain dirty water out from the town. Such a drainage system was found nowhere except in island of Crete in the Mediterranean Sea. Drains were built alongside the roads and the waste and water from kitchens and bathrooms emptied directly into the main drains. Drains were usually covered with stone slabs. Each and every house had a cesspit. There were manholes at regular intervals to aid cleaning.

Public baths: A hugh bath was excavated at Mohenjodaro. It was a large complex having six entrances from the sides, a central bathing pool, dressing room and a well nearby. Fresh water from a nearby well was used to fill the pool through an inlet and the outlet in a corner allowed the used water to drain out. It seems that there might have been a facility for hot water too. These public baths might have been used on festivals and religious ceremonies.

Mir Qasim the son in law of the Nawab of Bengal revolted as he was angry with the British for misusing the destakes (free duty passes).

(a) Treaty of Allahabad

(b) East India Company

(a) Kasim bazar 

(b) Siraj – ud – daulah

There was a small dungeon room in the Fort William in Calcutta, where troops of the Nawab of Bengal Siraj – ud – daula, held 146 British Prisoners of war for one night. Next day morning, when the door was opened 123 of the prisoners found dead because of suffocation.

Shah Alam-II

Pondicherry.

In 1757, Robert live declared Plassey war over Siraj-ud-Daula.

3. Battle of Wandiwash – 1760

1761 in Hyder Ali crown on the throne of Mysore

(c) Warren Hastings

(b) Porto Novo

(1) Newspapers like Amrit Bazaar Patrika. Deenbandhu, Dnyanoday Kesari, etc. acted as an important source to awaken the minds of the people. 

(2) Newspapers in the British period not only opposed imperialism but also educated the masses and created awareness among the people. 

(3) The Nibandhmala by Vishnushastri Chiplunkar and Shatapatre written by Lokahitawadi alias Gopal Hari Deshmukh published in the weekly Prabhakar commented on various social and cultural issues. 

(4) Newspapers threw light on ill customs like sati, child marriage, ban on widow remarriage, etc., and awakened minds of the people. 

(5) We came to know about various policies of the British towards India and their effects on India. 

(6) Thus newspapers were not only source of political events but also acted as a source of social reformation.

The information and pictures of events of 20th century published in December, 2000 by most of the newspapers is named as ‘Millennium Gallery’ .

Indian kings, emperors, rulers and royal people of that time used to wear ornaments as necklaces, bracelets, crowns, rings, nose rings, etc were studded with precious like diamonds, pearls, rubies, etc. Bikaner area of Rajasthan is more popular for inlay ornaments.

Role of Women in the anti-imperialist movement: 
Women played very important role in anti-imperialist movement in Vietnam in the following ways: 
(i) In 1950's photographs in magazines and journals showed women as brave fighters. 
(ii)They had been portrayed as young brave and dedicated. 
(iii) Women were represented not only as warriors but also as hard workers as shown with a rifle in one hand and hammer in the other. 
(iv) Whether young or old, women began to be depicted as selflessly working and fighting to save the country.

The Aga Khan Palace is a museum in Pune which gives information about the history of Mahatma Gandhi.

Correct option is (c) Archives

Information related to history is available from collection book made from different pictures and articles.

Correct option is A. Inscriptions

(1) Due to technological development there was development in photography, recording and film making. 

(2) Dada Saheb Phalke laid the foundation of Indian Film Industry. Many movies were made on historical events and personalities. 

(3) Audio-visual recordings of Dandi Yatra and on Salt Satyagraha movement are available. 

(4) We get information of social, political condition, dress, traditions, language of particular period from the films and audio tapes. 

(5) The events happened in the past could be seen in reality. Therefore films are considered as an effective audio-visual source of modem Indian History.

(a) Inspirational songs:

1. Many inspirational songs were written during the period of freedom movement. 

2. Many unpublished inspirational songs were memorised by freedom fighters. 

3. We get information about the prevalent conditions during pre-independence period. 

4. We come to know about our heritage, work of great men, injustice done by the Britishers. 

5. They gave inspiration to the society and infused spirit in the freedom movement. 

6. As they convey information about the place, person and his deed they are useful in writing history.

(b) Powadas: 

(1) Powadas were a dramatic narration by alternatingly reciting poetry and prose extract. It is a source to get information about a historical work of a person or an event. 

(2) Powadas were composed on the freedom struggle of 1857 and valour of revolutionaries during the British rule. 

(3) Powadas were composed on work of Satyashodhak Samaj to awaken the oppressed classes. 

(4) During the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Powadas were composed to inspire people. They used to create motivation, spirit among the people and infused enthusiasm and vitality.

Correct option is: (c) material

1. Newspapers like Amrit Bazaar Patrika, Deenbandhu, Dnyanoday, Kesari, etc. acted as important source to awaken the minds of the people. 

2. They criticized the anti-India policies of Britishers. 

3. Western education and knowledge reached people through them. 

4. Newspapers and weeklies were the source of various political, social and cultural events. 

5. They commented on ill customs and practices in our society and thus were the source of social reformation. 

6. They discussed various policies of British rulers and their effects on India. 

7. The work and ideas of leaders and reformers reached people through them.

The writings carved on copper plate is known as ‘Tamrapatra’.

The people like, storytellers, chronologists and travellers describe the historical incidents of brave persons of old time, like saints, donors, etc. From this, we come to know a lot of information of the past.

The diary writers give the graphic presentation of the state, society, industries, education, etc. of the period of that time, from which we get a lot of information of that period.

The traveller’s notes can be called the authentic document for knowing the history. From the notes of Hiuen-tsang and I-tsing, the travellers who came to India from China during the Gupta Age, we get the concrete information about the kings and their administration, public life, trade-employment, education, etc. of Gupta period.

A lot of historical information about China and South Asian countries is known from a book ‘Travels of Marcopolo’.

(3) FTII – Radio Programmes