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If one type of atom or a group of atoms takes the place of another, it is called substitution reaction.
Eg: CH₄ + Cl₂ \(\rightarrow\)CH₃Cl + HCl (in the presence of sunlight)

The stems of herbs are extremely soft and can be easily bent while stems of shrubs are hard.

On the basis of size, plants can be classified into three categories : 

1. Herb

2. Shrub

3. Tree

1. Herb : Herbs are plants of short height, Basil (tulsi) plant found in our houses and turmeric, used as medicine for many diseases are herbs. These plants have very short height (less than 1 meter). Their stems are also green in colour. These short sized plants are extremely soft and can be easily bent.

For example : Wheat, rice, basil, turmeric, chilli, tomato etc.

2. Shrub : Shrubs are small and medium sized woody plants and their height is nearly less than 6 meter. Their stem is usually brown in colour. Their main stem branches out near the base. Their stem is often hard.

For example : henna, rose, plum etc.

3. Tree : Some plants are very tall and have hard stem with bark. The stems have branches in the upper part, much above the ground, like, mango, Azadirachta indica (neem), banyan and sacred fig (peepal) etc.

On the basis of the life span, plants can be classified into three categories : 

1. Annual plants. 

2. Biennial plants. 

3. Perennial plants.

Those plants which are found in water bodies like rivers, ponds, lakes, sea etc are called aquatic plants. 

For example: lotus, vallisneria, water chestnut, hydrilla, water hyacinth (jal kumbhi) etc. These plants are called hydrophytes. Roots of aquatic plants are less developed. Air chambers in the stem provide buoyancy and help the plants in floating. The leaves of these plants are ribbon like and finely dissected.

On the basis of position in water, aquatic plants are divided into three groups : 

1. Floating plants, like water hyacinth (jalkumbhi). 

2. Submerged plants, like hydrilla. 

3. Amphibious plants, like vallinsneria.

Rose is not herb plant.

Onion is a biannual plant.

Different type of plants and their names :

Aquatic plant is hydrila

(b) water hyacinth

Solerroid is a coil of many turns of wire, wrapped in the shape of a cylinder.

Qualities of an Ideal Source of Energy :

(i) More heat per unit mass. 

(ii) Less Pollution and smoke-free. 

(iii) Cheap and Economical. 

(iv) Easily available and easily handled. y,

(v) Safe to transport.

a – have saved 

b – have hidden 

c – have taken 

d – has killed 

e – have done 

f – have kept.

The qualities of an ideal source of energy are as follows:

1. Which would do a large amount of work per unit volume or mass.

2. Be easily accessible.

3. Be easy to store and transport, and

4. Perhaps most importantly, be economical.

A) she would give her life to save the life of the prince

This is due to the reason that electric current can be produced with the help of varying magnetic a field without any physical contact of the source of magnetic field and the conductor.

(a) The wind:

1. Wind energy farms can be established only at those places where wind blows for the greater part of a year.

2. The wind speed should also be higher than 15 km/h to maintain the required speed of the turbine.

3. Establishment of wind energy farms require large are of land.

These are the limitations of extracting energy from the wind.

(b) Limitations of extracting waves energy: The waves are generated by strong winds blowing across the sea. Wave energy would be a viable proposition only where waves are very strong.

(c) Limitations of extracting tidal energy: The locations where such dams can be built are limited.

Correct Answer is: A) Chittoor

Correct Answer is: B) Panna

Banbir killed Panna’s son, thinking that he was the Prince. He did not realise his mistake.

B) kill the prince Udai Singh

(i) Place a strong source of white Light at the f9qqs of the converging lens. 

(iii) Allow the light beam to pass through a transparent glass tank containing clear water. In that clear water dissolve 200g sodium,  thiosulphate in about 2 L of clean water in the tank and add 1 to2 mLof conc. H₂SO₄ acid.

(iii) Allow the beam of light to pass through a circular a hole made of a cardboard. Obtain a sharp image of the circular hole on screen by using converging lens.

The Prince’s mother told Panna that she had lost everything except her son. She was leaving him in her charge. She asked Panna to bring him up like her own child and protect him from all harm.

As a result, the refraction or ber.rding of violet color is the maximum and that of red colour is minimum. This difference in the extent of bending of a different colour of light causes dispersion of white light into its constituent colors as they emerge out of the prism. Red color bends the least and violet bends the most.

She put him in a basket.

The phenomenon of obtaining a spectrum of colors by passing white light though the prism is known as dispersion 

Dispersion occurs because the refraction of different colors travels with different speeds in a refracting medium. Speed of violet colour is least and thai of the red colour is the most. Hence the refractive index of the medium is largest for violet colour and least for the red colour.

Padma and Panna were worried because everything was going wrong since the death of Ranaji. No one in the state of Mewar was happy.

In the region above the fire, the hot air is lighter than the cool air above it. Further, the refractive index of a hotter region is less than the cooler region and it is not static. 

These physical conditions are not steady. Subsequently the image when seen through the hot region is not stationary. The apparent position of the object fluctuates. This gives wavering effect to the image.

Stars are very distant and approximate Point size sources.

Path of starlight changes continuously due to gradual changing of the refractive index of the layers of air.

Thus, the apparent position of the stars fluctuates and the amount of starlight entering the eye flickers giving the twinkling effect.

Banbir, a half brother of Prince Udai Singh.

The air above the hot surface becomes hot and rises. Space is occupied by cool air. The refractive index of hot air is less than that of cool air. So, the physical condition of the medium are not constant. Due to changing Refractive Index (RI) of the medium, the light appears to come from different directions. 

It results in fluctuation in the apparent position of objects.

He is compared to a snake.

Panna promised the queen that she would give her life to save the life of the prince.

A spectrum is the band of distinct colours we obtain when the white light is split by a prism. We can recombine the component of white light by passing them through a prism placed upside down near the given prism. When we pass white light through two identical prisms held side by side with their refracting edges in opposite directions; the first prism disperses white light but the second prism recombines them. Thus light emerging from the second prism is white.

The wind energy is used:
(i) To generate electricity
(ii) To grind the wheat in flour mills.
(lii) To run a pump to draw water from the ground.

Champa said that Banbir was talking to a man outside, and he would be there in a few minutes.

The nobles had become mean and selfish. They were quarrelling among themselves. Though they hated Banbir, they were not strong enough to go against him.

Panna wanted to dress her own son in the Prince’s clothes. (She wanted the prince to look like an ordinary child.)

He wanted to become the permanent Rana of Mewar.

He resolved to kill Prince Udai Singh.

1. Suppose two rays originate from the end of the stick in water. 

2. As these rays get refracted into the air, they bend away from the normal. 

3. When these two refracted rays are produced backwards they seem to meet at a point higher than the end of stick.

4. This point gives the apparent position of the end of the stick. Thus, the stick appears to be bent.

Correct option (A)  

Explanation:

ln case of concave mirror, when the object is at C, the image formed is at C, image will be real, inverted and of same size as the object.

Correct option  (D)  more than 16 metres 

Explanation:

 Perpendicularly the image of R is 8 m behind the mirror (say R). However, with respect to camera at M,it is the diagonal distance (MR'), which is more than 16 m.

Correct option (B) Both statements 1 and 2 are true but statement 2 is not the correct explanation of statement 1 .   

Explanation:

When we cover the half portion of the convex lens with black paper, the full image of the object can be seen but the intensity of image is reduced. Rays incident on convex lens are refracted from uncovered part only and form the full image.

Correct option (D) Z   

Explanation:

 The lesser the optical density, the more is the speed of light.

 Correct option  (A) The speed of light rays decreases when they enter the converging lens.  

Explanation:

The speed of light decreases while travelling from rarer to denser medium.

It is the minimum distance from which our eye can see the objects clearly (or able to produce a distinct image on the retina) without any strain in our eye. It is 25 cm for a human eye means that our eye can see up to 25cm without any strain on the eye. The least distance of distinct vision is less for young people and more for old people.

C) we can observe VIBGYOR