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 1u = 1.66 × 10^-27 kg

1 u = 1.67 × 10^–27 kg

Pollination: Process of transfer of pollen grains from, the anther to the stigma of the flower

Two types: Self-pollination and Cross-pollination

(i) Pollination: The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma is called pollination.

The two types of pollination: 

(ii) Self-pollination: When the pollen grains from the stamens of a flower fall on the stigma of the same flower, then self-pollination occurs.

(iii) Cross-pollination: When pollen grains from the stamens of a flower fall on the stigma of another flower, then cross-pollination occurs.

A change/feature/property of an organism that may have helped it to adopt to an environmental condition can also become useful for a completely different function in the future. For example: feathers in birds, a character developed and selected during natural selection because it provided insulation in cold weather have become useful in later stages for flight. Some dinosaurs had feathers, but they could not fly. Birds later adapted the feathers to fly.

75% of the plants were with round seeds.

The pressure of the blood in the arteries caused by pumping of heart is called blood pressure. It rises if we do activities like running, cycling etc. or if the arteries become narrower.

Antigens are foreign substances in the body which stimulate the production of antibodies.

Antibodies are chemical substances made by the body in response to foreign substances (antigens). They destroy antigens.

A process where a DNA molecule produces two similar copies of itself in a reproducing cell is called DNA copying.
Its importance are:
(i) It makes the transmission of characters from parents to the next generation possible.
(ii) It causes variation in the population.

Learning skills like swimming, dancing and low weight of beetle due to starvation earned by people during their lifetime are not passed on to their next generation. If a person knows swimming or dancing, it is not necessary that this trait ii seen in the progeny because learning a new skill does not change the genes of the germ cells of humans. Also, low weight in a beetle is not a trait that can be inherited by the progeny of a starving beetle. 

These traits/experiences occur in the somatic cells which do not involve germ cells and genetic materials. Therefore, these traits are not passed on to their next generation.

Experience achieved during the lifetime of an individual does not make any change in the gene of the individual. 

For example, if a person reads a book on birds, the knowledge he earns by reading the book does not make any change in the gene, hence, this knowledge will not get automatically transmitted to his next generation. Such a trait is called acquired trait. 

We acquire knowledge and skills in our lifetime such as learning dance, music, physical fitness, etc. But these skills cannot he passed to our progenies because:
(i) Such characters or experiences acquired during one's lifetime do not bring any change in the DNA of the germ cell.
(ii) Only germ cells are responsible for passing on the characters from the parents to the progeny.

The experiences of an individual may only affect the somatic cells, but will not change the DNA of the germ cells. Change in non-reproductive tissues cannot be passed on to the DNA of the germ cells. Therefore, the experiences of an individual during its lifetime can not be passed on to its Progeny.

In crossing, if two or more traits are involved, their genes assort independently, irrespective of the combinations present in the parents.  

So, new combinations of genes appear ir.r the of{springs leading to new traits.

The acceleration on an object due to the gravity of any massive body is represented by g (small g). The force of attraction between any two unit masses separated by unit distance is called universal gravitational constant denoted by G (capital G). The relation between G and g is not proportional. That means they are independent entities.

In physics, G and g can be related mathematically as –

g = GM/R²

Where,

• g is the acceleration due to the gravity of any massive body measured in m/s².

• G is the universal gravitational constant measured in Nm²/kg².

• R is the radius of the massive body measured in km.

• M is the mass of the massive body measured in Kg

G and g relation

Although there exists a formula to express the relation between g and G in physics, there is no correlation between acceleration due to gravity and universal gravitation constant, as the value of G is constant. The value of G is constant at any point in this universe. G and g are not dependent on each other.

Following are the advantages of sowing seeds with a seed drill: 

1. Seed drill sows the seeds uniformly at proper distance and correct depths. 

2. It sows the seeds in regular rows. 

3. It ensures that seeds get covered by the soil after sowing as a result of which seeds cannot be picked by birds 

4. Sowing by using a tractor joined with seed drill saves time and labor.

(a) Seed drill. 

(b) The advantages are, 

(i) seeds are sown at a uniform distance and depth to avoid over crowding. 

(ii) after sowing, seeds are covered by soil which prevent them from being eaten by birds. 

(iii) It saves time and labour.

• Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical in shape consisting of rolled-up graphite sheet.
• Nanotubes can be single-walled (SWNTs) with a diameter of less than 1 nm or multi-walled (MWNTs) with diameter reaching more than 100 nm. 
• Their lengths range from several micrometres to millimetres.

Correct option is (D) Do not have right

In irredeemable debenture, company is not given any type of guarantee for repayment of money to debenture holders.

According to the condition of conversion, there are two types of debentures :

1. Convertible debenture
2. Non-convertible debenture.

सही विकल्प है (A) पाटण

सही विकल्प है (C) गाँधीनगर

1. Since ancient time the people of Gujarat have remain traders.

2. They used to travel far off places for trading.

3. As a result they keep homemade dry snacks with them that cannot perish for long time.

4. Thepla, Chavana, ganthia, dry kachori, khakhra, sukhdi, sev-mamra, etc. are a few such snacks that they savour at home or even while they travel.

Convertible debentures are those debentures which are convertible into equity shares or other securities at a stated rate of exchange either at the option of debenture holders or at the option of the company after a specified period.

Currently, convertible debentures are more popular as they provided, liquidity, safety, capital appreciation and assured future to the investors.

• The reducing character of hydrogen halides increases from HF to HI. 
• HF does not show any reducing property while HI is a strong reducing agent. 
• H-X bond strength and thermal stability of hydrogen halides decrease from HF to HI.

Unlike other hydrogen halides, HF does not dissociate releasing hydrogen, hence HF is not a reducing agent.

₁₆S = 1s² , 2s² ,2p⁶3s² ,3p⁴

for 1s² , n + l = 1 + 0 = 1

for 2s² , n + l = 2 + 0 = 2

for 2p⁶ , n + l = 2 + 1 = 3

for 3s² , n + l = 3 + 0 = 3

for 3p⁴ , n + l = 3 + 1 = 4

Thus n + l = 3 is for 2p⁶ and 3s² electrons, i.e., for 8 electrons.

No difference, because angular momentum is given by = \(\frac{h}{2\pi\sqrt{l+(l+1)}}\),i.e,

It depends only on the value of and not on the principle quantum number n.

(ii) BrO₂^– , BrF₂⁺

(i), (iii)

(i) 0 to +5

(iii) 0 to –1 

The solution which has pH of 1 is more acidic. 

According to the pH scale, value less than 7 on the pH scale represents an acidic solution while value greater than 7 represents a basic solution. And pH value 7 represents a neutral solution. Also lesser pH indicates more acidic and more pH indicates more basic

Because aluminium has greater affinity for oxygen than for carbon, therefore carbon cannot reduce alumina (Al₂O₃) to aluminium.

The answer is (b) N

4-hydroxy phenol reacts with acidified potassium dichromate to gives p-Benzoquinone.

Gay Lussac‘s law of gaseous volumes.

1 mole of Na₂CO₃.10H₂O contains 13 moles of oxygen atoms. 

0.1 mole Na₂CO₃.10H₂O contains 13 × 0.1 = 1.3 moles of oxygen atoms. 

Mass of oxygen atoms = 1.3 moles × 16g/mole = 20.8 g.

(a) नौवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना। 

सही विकल्प है (a) गद्दी।

सूखा सम्भावित क्षेत्र विकास कार्यक्रम चौथी पंचवर्षीय योजना में आरम्भ किया गया। कार्यक्रम के प्रमुख उद्देश्य थे-

⦁    सूखाग्रस्त क्षेत्रों के लोगों की आय में वृद्धि हो और उन्हें रोजगार के अवसर प्राप्त हों।
⦁    अभावग्रस्त लोगों के लिए काम के अवसर निकाले जा सकें।
⦁    सूखाग्रस्त क्षेत्रों में गरीबी दूर करने के लिए रोजगार देकर सहायता करना।

ग्यारहवीं पंचवर्षीय योजना का समय सन् 2007 से 2012 तक का था। 

सूखा प्रवण क्षेत्र कार्यक्रम की प्रमुख विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं-

⦁    कार्यक्रम के द्वारा अभावग्रस्त लोगों के लिए कार्यक्रम बनाए गए।
⦁    कार्यक्रम में भूमि और मजदूरों की उत्पादकता बढ़ाने के लिए विकासात्मक कार्य शुरू किए गए।
⦁    कार्यक्रम में क्षेत्र के विकास पर जोर दिया गया।
⦁    भूमि विकास तथा लघु सिंचाई कार्यक्रमों द्वारा उत्पादकता बढ़ाने के लिए इन क्षेत्रों में विकासात्मक कार्य शुरू किए गए।

पिछड़े क्षेत्रों के सम्बन्ध में राष्ट्रीय समिति ने निम्नलिखित सुझाव दिए हैं-

⦁    सभी लोग लाभान्वित हों न कि केवल प्रभावशाली लोग।
⦁    स्थानीय संसाधनों और प्रतिभाओं का विकास किया जाए।
⦁    जीविका निर्वाह अर्थव्यवस्था को निवेश उन्मुखी बनाना।
⦁    अन्तःप्रादेशिक व्यापार में पिछड़े क्षेत्रों का शोषण न हो।
⦁    पारिस्थितिक सन्तुलन को बनाए रखा जाए।

(d) उपर्युक्त सभी।   

(d) उपर्युक्त सभी। 

यमुना को सबसे अधिक प्रदूषित करने वाला नगर दिल्ली है।

भारत में जल को प्रदूषित करने में सबसे अधिक योगदान मानव स्रोतों से उत्पन्न होने वाले प्रदूषकों का है।

मुम्बई का धारावी, एशिया की विशालतम गन्दी बस्ती है।

प्रदूषण-मानवीय क्रियाकलाप से उत्पन्न अपशिष्ट उत्पादों से कुछ पदार्थ और ऊर्जा मुक्त होती है जिससे प्राकृतिक पर्यावरण से परिवर्तन होते हैं। ये हानिकारक होते हैं जिन्हें ‘प्रदूषण’ कहते हैं।

प्रदूषक-पारितन्त्र के विद्यमान प्राकृतिक सन्तुलन में ह्रास और प्रदूषण उत्पन्न करने वाले ऊर्जा या पदार्थ के किसी भी रूप को ‘प्रदूषक’ कहा जाता है। ये गैस, तरल तथा ठोस रूप में हो सकते हैं।