Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

The activities of the man which converts the raw materials into finished goods. All industrial activities are secondary activities.

The group of industries which are depending on Agriculture for the raw material purposes for ex: Cotton, Jute & Sugarcane industries etc.

Growing of crops in a given region permanently without changing the place with the help of family members and by using domestic animals.

The activities which are related to manufacturing are called Industry.

The group of industries which are depending on Forest for the raw material purpose For ex: Paper, Rubber industries etc.

Minning refers to the Extraction of the minerals from the Earth such as Iron ore, Manganese, Gold, Coal, Diamond and Petroleum.

The term fishing refers to the large scale catching of fishes, crabs, sharks etc in the seas and rivers.

Primary Activities such as food gathering, hunting, lumbering, animal rearing, fishing, agriculture & mining etc.

(a) Early Harappan period 

(b) Mature (Urban) Harappan period 

(c) Late Harappan period 

(d) Post Harappan cultures

1. Badakshan, Afghanistan

2. Ziggurats

(b) the city of Harappa was divided into two parts – the ‘Citadel’ and the ‘Lower Town’

Correct option: (3) a, b and c

The two types of immunity a human baby is born with are innate and passive/acquired immunity. Innate immunity is a non-specific type of defence that provides barrier to the entry of antigens. Passive immunity is a pathogen-specific type of defence in which readymade antibodies are directly given to protect body against foreign agents. The foetus receives antibodies through the placenta.

Correct answer is (c) Stomach

A baby is born with innate immunity. The immunity he gets from the mother’s milk is called acquired immunity. It is an example of passive immunity.

(a) B-lymphocyte

The protein which is produced by B-lymphocytes in response to an antigen and can specifically interact with the antigen is called antibody.

In most of the antibodies, the arms of Y-shape have flexible origins which are called hinge. Due to flexibility of hinge, the variable portion is able to react with molecules in antigen.

Correct answer is (a) Antigen

(d) More than 100

Correct answer is (c) 6 – 8

This type of immunity is acquired by the body in response to a specific germ. The body develops a specific antibody against a specific antigen and learns to fight that antigen. It remembers and can fight any future onslaught of a specific germ. This action initiates cell mediated immunity in the body. 

There are two types of active immunity which are as follows: 

1. Active Immunity: When body proactively prepares an antibody against a specific antigen, it is called active immunity. 

2. Passive Immunity: In this case, the body does not make any antibody. The antibody is specially inoculated in the body from outside. This is usually seen in case of vaccination against some diseases, e.g. vaccination against tetanus.

Following cases may need blood transfusion: 

• In case of accident and excess bleeding. 
• Severe shortage of blood in body. 
• During a surgery. 
• Low platelets count in blood. 
• Patient of haemophilia. 
• Patient of sickle cell anemia.

1. As you exercise the blood vessels in your muscles dilate and the blood flow is greater. This increased blood flow delivers more oxygenated blood to the working muscle. 

2. Exercise improves the body’s utilisation of oxygen and lowers systolic blood pressure. 

3. Exercise changes the shape of the heart causing increase in the weight and volume of the heart. Consequently heart contraction capacity increases. 

4. Heart beat per minute is lowered. 

5. Volume of blood increases mainly due to increase in the volume of Plasma. Number of red cells in the blood increases. Blood volume of a player measures more than 7 litres. 

6. Cardiac output potency of the heart increases. 

7. There is an increase in the flow of blood. 

8. With the expansion of blood volume, flow of blood in the muscles increases, and there is a more growth of vessels and the redistribution of blood improves.

9. As we exercise, the hormone Adrenalin causes our blood vessels to expand so that a greater than normal volume of blood can pass through them. 

10.As a result of exercise there is an increase in stroke volume. More blood is pushed to the ventricle chamber, which soon increase stroke volume.

Effects of exercise on muscular system are :

1. Increase in the thickness of the muscular tissues. 

2. Increase in the quantity of proteins required for the muscular growth. 

3. Acceleration of the oxidisation process of carbohydrates and fats. 

4. More strength and flexibility, hence reducing the likelihood of injury to the body. 

5. Loss or lowering of quantity of fats in the body. 

6. Increase in the density level of enzymisation and Glycogen storage capacity. 

7. Production of more energy due to increase: in the efficiency of A.T.P. and P.C. system. 

8. Increase in glycolitic retention. 

9. Increase in fat free weight of the body. 

10.Increase in muscular strength and muscular weight bearing power with increase in the thickness of the muscular tissues. 

11.Improved storage of Oxygen with the increase in Miglobin components. 

12.Increase in the volume of blood flow to blood tissues. 

13.Other positive effects as more flexible back, stronger heart muscles and improved muscles control. 

14.Enhanced growth in the number of Mitochondria (cells) generate more muscular energy.

The skeletal or bony system gives shape to the body.

Effects of exercise on Respiratory system are :

1. The muscle cells in the body will use up more oxygen and produce more Carbon-dioxide. 

2. The lungs will have to work harder to provide Oxygen and also to remove carbon-dioxide. Hence there will be an expansion in the volume and efficiency of the lungs. 

3. There will be an increase in the breathing rate as the body will be trying hard to get as much oxygen as possible and to minimize the amount of oxygen debt.

4. The muscles of the respiratory system such as diaphragm and the intercoastal muscles get stronger. 

5. Breathing after exercise becomes lighter and slower due to an adaptation of the respiratory system and the breathing centre.

6. As a result the body oxygen content increases after many hours after the exercise. 

7. As a response to exercise the diaphragm contracts leaving place for the lungs to expand. Consequently we inhale more deeply allowing more oxygen to enter the lungs. 

8. The heart and the cardiovascular system respond by pumping out more oxygenated blood to the working muscles during exercise.

The main organ of the Digestive system is Alimentary canal. Besides Liver, Gall Bladder and Pancreas too helps in the digestion of food. Alimentary canal is a muscular tube of flesh. It starts from mouth and ends upto Anus.

Main parts of the Alimentary canal which help in the digestion of food are :

1. Mouth 

2. Pharynx 

3. Oesophagus 

4. Stomach 

5. Duodenum 

6. Small Intestines 

7. Large Intestines 

8. Anus

Artery: Arteries carry oxygenated blood from heart to different parts of the body. In the arteries as blood comes directly from the heart, it flows with force and speed and it moves with jerks. The walls of the arteries are thick and strong so as to adjust to the force and jerks of the blood. When the heart contracts, the force of the blood is slowed down and the arteries contract to their original form.

Main parts of the Alimentary canal which help in the digestion of food are : 

1. Mouth 

2. Pharynx 

3. Oesophagus 

4. Stomach 

5. Duodenum 

6. Small Intestines 

7. Large Intestines 

8. Anus

Voluntary muscles, Involuntary muscles, Heart or Cardiac Muscle.

1. Nose 

2. Mouth Cavity 

3. Larynx 

4. Trachea (Wind Pipe) 

5. Lungs 

6. Ribs 

7. Inter-coastal Muscles 

8. Diaphragm

(a) Circulatory system

Correct Answer is: (c) Capillaries

(a) 16 to 18 times

Precautions while doing exercise : 

1. Exercise should be done regularly. 

2. Exercise should be done on empty stomach in the morning and evening. 

3. Exercise should be done in accordance with the age/capability of a person. 

4. Exercise should be done from easy to complicated. 

5. It should be done in accordance to the weather. 

6. Make a better coordination between exercise, and your choice, your work, responsibilities and availability of time. 

7. Always do the exercise which fulfills the need or aim of oneself.

(c) 4 litre blood

(b) Heart muscles

The Skeletal system is the collection of bones in the body and the connective tissues such as Tendons, Ligaments and the Cartilage.

The bones consist of cells, fibres and inorganic salts. The bones are tough, hard and spongy. We can move our body as and when required because of the muscles attached to the joints of the bones. If skin muscles and organs of the body are removed, only the bony structure is left.

Composition of Skeletal System: The Human skeletal is unique in its structure and composition. It gives shape and size to the body. The bony structure of the body is called Skeleton. There are 206 bones in all in different sizes and shapes and they are all connected strongly by the fibrous tissues and the bones so connected by tissues give the shape to the human body. The ends of the bones at joints are covered with the cartilage layers and in a few cases there are cartilage pads between the joints. There are Ligaments which join firmly the bones at the joints and they, thus, help in the movement of the joints without any constraint or friction.

Four Functions of Skeletal System : 

1. Shape and support – It gives shape and support to the human body. 

2. Protection – It protects the delicate and main internal organs of the body. For example Cranium protects brain and eyes, Thoracic cage protects heart and lungs, Vertebrae protects spinal cord and Pelvis protects Rectum and Bladder. 

3. Mobility – Muscles attached to the joints of bones provide space for movement. 

4. Bones helps to form red and white corpuscles in the bone marrow.

The method of receiving blood into one’s circulatory system is called blood transfusion.

When body proactively prepares an antibody against a specific antigen, it is called active immunity.

When self blood is used for transfusion, it is called autogenic transfusion.

The branch of science which deals with the system and functions in body to fight against germs is called immunology.

The type of immunity which is acquired by the body in response to a specific germ is called acquired immunity.

Following are two types of acquired immunity:

(a) Active Immunity: When body proactively prepares an antibody against a specific antigen, it is called active immunity.

(b) Passive Immunity: In this case, the body does not make any antibody. The antibody is specially inoculated in the body from outside. This is usually seen in case vaccination against some diseases, e.g. vaccination against tetanus.

There two types of immunity, viz. innate and acquired.

The germ or foreign material which enters the body and converts B-lymphocytes into antibody producing plasma cells and specifically interacts with that antibody is called an antigen. Antigens are generally those external substances which have molecular weight more than 6000 Dalton. Sometimes, antigens can be produced inside the body, e.g. in case of viral infection or by cancerous cells.

True

The valence shell electrons increase across a period and decreases down the group.

True

Tellurium and polonium are intermediate in properties and are called metalloids or semimetals.

The formulae of this oxides are X₂O, YO.