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Sasanka was the Gauda ruler of Bengal.

(b) Sushruta

1. Chandragupta II was the son of Samudragupta.

2. He was also known as Vikarmaditya.

3. He conquered western Malwa and Gujarat by defeating the Saka rulers.

4. He maintained friendly relationship with the rulers of southern India.

5. The iron pillar near Qutub Minar is believed to have been built by Vikramaditya. 

6. Fahien, a Buddhist scholar from China, visited India during his region.

7. Vikramaditya is said to have assembled the greatest writers and artists [Navaratna (Nine Jewels)] in his court. 

8. He was succeeded by Kumaragupta

(a) Mehrauli

(a) Srigupta – Chadragupta I – Samudragupta – Vikramaditya

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(a) Statement I is wrong, but statement II is correct

(a) Unary Binary

(2) SELECT

(1) UNION

(4) PROJECT

(3) SET DIFFERENCE

(b) SELECT operation

SELECT operation is used to select tuples in a relation that satisfy a selection condition. Greek letter cr (sigma) is used to denote the operation.

Syntax,

σ_Condition(relation)

eg. σ_{Salary<100000}(EMPLOYEE)-selects tuple whose salary is less than 10000 from EMPLOYEE relation.

Intersection operation 

This operation returns a relation consisting of all the tuples appearing in both of the specified relations. It is denoted by n. It can takes place only on compatible relations, e.g. FOOTBALL ∩ CRICKET returns the players who are in both football and cricket teams.

Set difference operation (-)

All tuples appearing in the first relation and not in the second

i. True

ii. False. 

Water is an universal solvent

iii. True

iv. False. 

Ice is lighter than water

v. False. 

Rotation of crop increases the fertility of the soil.

It is a simple tool which is used for removing weeds and for loosening the soil.

a) Roots of leguminous plants

The implement used for sowing is seed drill.

Harvesting is carried out either by sickle or by a machine called Harvester.

Antibodies are of Five types.

Correct answer is (c) AB

(a) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen in the root nodules of the leguminous plants without using fertilizers.

(b) It enhances soil fertility by adding nitrogenous compound such as nitrate to the soil. With this other crop also benefitted.

This factor is a protein which is composed of about 417 amino acids. Blood groups are categorized as Rh positive or negative on the basis of presence or absence of Rh factor respectively. Rh factor matching is also important for blood transfusion. If Rh positive blood is transfused to an Rh negative person then recipient’s body produces IgG antibodies. These antibodies destroy RBCs by agglutination. This results in increased levels of bilirubin in blood which adveresely affects the liver and spleen. As a result, the person dies due to renal failure.

Process of Blood Transfusion: 

Blood Collection: 

• Thorough health checkup of donor. 
• Blood is collected in sterilized anticoagulant containing pouch with the help of a cannula. 
• Collected blood is stored at low temperature. 
• Blood is checked for any infection like hepatitis, HIV, etc. and is also checked for ABO grouping and Rh factor. 

Blood Transfusion: 

• Donor’s blood is matched with recipient’s blood for ABO grouping and Rh factor. 
• Stored blood is taken out of refrigerator about 30 minutes before actual transfusion. 
• Blood transfused intravenously and the process takes about 4 hours. 
• The recipient is continuously monitored for any untoward reaction.

AB blood group has both ‘A’ and ‘B’ antigens?

When blood from another person is used for transfusion, it is called allogenic transfusion.

Jean Baptist Dennis.

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen present in the atmosphere is converted into nitrate. Nitrate is the compound of nitrogen that is used to increase the growth rate of the plant.

The leguminous crops like beans and peanuts have Rhizobium bacteria which are present in the nodules of the root of the plant is responsible for nitrogen fixation.This help in the replenishment of the nitrogen in the soil which provides better growth for Rabi crops like wheat.

Correct answer is (b) Malaria

Correct answer is (b) 1gM

Correct answer is (c) O

(a) Self blood from the person

Blood is a fluid tissue which is composed of plasma and blood cells. Blood is responsible for transport of substances in the body. It is also responsible for immunity in the body. Moreover, blood helps in maintaining temperature and in osmoregulation of body.

The method to transfer blood from one person to another’s circulatory system is called blood transfusion. The first blood transfusion was performed by a French doctor Jean Baptist Dennis in 1667. Many patients need blood transfusion, e.g, an accident victim, haemophilia patient, person undergoing surgery, etc. Blood transfusion helps in saving lives.

(c) O blood group

Correct answer is (d) IgA

(b) Carl Landsteiner

O blood group is the universal donor.

The ability of our body to fight against diseases is called immunity,

(b) Rh incompatibility

Blood is divided into four groups on the basis of presence of antigen on the surface of RBCs. Based on this, blood groups are; A, B, AB and O. Antigen A is present in A blood group, B is present in B blood groups, both A and B are present in AB blood group, and no antigen is present in O blood group. These blood groups are further categorized as Rh positive or negative on the basis of presence or absence of Rh factor respectively.

Following precautions need to be taken during blood transfusion: 

• Blood groups of donor and recipient must be matched.
• Rh factor matching should be done. 
• Donor’s blood should be checked for presence of any infection.
• Donated blood should be collected sterilized container.

(d) Both ‘b’ and ‘c’

Correct answer is (c) 0.8

Carl Landsteiner scientist proposed grouping of blood.

(d) Submucous cells

(b) Patient with low blood platelet

The frequency of irrigation of crops is higher in summer season due to the increased rate of evaporation of water from the soil and the leaves.

There are three alleles which are responsible for ABO grouping, viz. IA,, IB, and i. Antigens on RBCs are formed by these genes. The gene ‘i’ is recessive and it doesn’t participate in formation of any antigen. Interaction of these alleles decides a particular blood group in a particular person.

A case of Rh incompatibility is seen in pregnancy if Rh negative mother is pregnant with Rh positive child. During the first pregnancy of Rh negative mother with Rh positive child, the mother’s body develops IgG antibodies because mother’s blood gets mixed up with foetal blood during child birth. The birth of the first child is normal. Complications develop if the second child is also Rh positive. The Rh antibodies in mother’s blood react with Rh factor in foetal blood. This results in destruction of RBCs in foetus and may result in death of the child. If the child is born he/she is very weak and suffers from hepatitis. This condition is called erythroblastosis foetalis. To prevent this, the mother is given a vaccine of anti IgG antibody (anti Rh. D) within 24 hours of birth of the first child. These are called Rhogam antibodies.

(d) All of these

Many patients are in need of organ to save their life. There is a huge mismatch in demand supply, as far as organ donation is concerned. Compared to world’s higher average, just 0.8 persons per ten lakh donate organs in India. Many people do not donate organs because of religious and psychological reasons. But organ donation can help in saving many lives. Hence, organ donation is highly important.

(b) 13 August

Sadhvi Ritambhara and cricketer Gautam Gambhir.

Organ Donation Day in celebrated on 13 August in India.

RBCs cells in blood facilitate exchange of gases.