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Symptoms of Cholera

• Cholera is mainly characterized by sudden onset of profuse, effortless, rice-water like stools, vomiting and rapid dehydration, loss of minerals and muscular cramps.

D) 1 – c, 2 – a, 3 – b

Lesser the area, larger the pressure for the same force applied. Therefore it is easier to cut with sharp knives than blunt ones, with same force.

Nematoda are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic parasitic worms. Body is cylindrical. Pseudo coelom is present. They cause diseases such as elephantiasis. e.g. Ascaris.

Annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic segmented animals. They have a true body cavity. These are found in a variety of habitats. e.g. Earthworm, Nereis, leech etc.

Arthropoda animals are bilaterally symmetrical, segmented, triploblastic animals with true coelom. They include Insects. They have jointed legs. Their circulatory system is open, so blood does not flow through blood vessels. Eg: prawns, butterflies etc.

Magnetic forces are the force due to magnetic field of a magnet. The closing of door of refrigerator works on the application of magnetic forces.

Molluscs are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic animals with reduced coelom. Locomotion in molluscs is by means of a muscular foot. They have little segmentation. They have an open circulatory system and kidney like organs for excretion. Eg. Pila, Unio, octopus

A Contact force as the name suggests acts on a point of an object by direct contact. The Contact may be Continuous or sometimes momentary. The former case is known as Continuous force and the latter case is known as impulse force.

Example: Pushing an object along the floor: This is an example of a continuous force. Here, continuously, the direct force is put on the object to move it along the floor.

Frictional Force refers to the force generated by two surfaces that contacts and slide against each other. These forces are mainly affected by the surface texture and amount of force impelling them together. The angle and position of the object affect the amount of frictional force.

If an object is placed flat against an object, then the frictional force will be equal to the weight of the object.

If an object is pushed against the surface, then the frictional force will be increased and becomes more than the weight of the object.

An imaginary force can pull everything towards the earth surface. All the objects are pulled towards the earth without any physical contact with the objects and bodies. These are non contact forces in the most basic sense.

Example 

• Gravitational force 

• Magnetic force 

• Electrostatics 

• Nuclear force

If life an object which is moving over a horizontal surface does not continue with constant velocity when the accelerating force is removed. Instead, the object slows down and eventually stops. The deceleration is caused by a frictional force between the object and the surface on which it travels. A frictional force always acts to oppose the motion of an object over a surface and is an example of a contact force. When we try to slide one object over another, we find that there is a force which opposes the motion. This force is called friction. Whenever there is relative motion of two surfaces in contact, there is frictional resistance. When a body moves over another, it has to overcome friction. This needs energy. Hence, some energy is always wasted in overcoming friction. When two parts of a machinery rub against each other heat are produced, and the efficiency of the machine decreases. There will be a greater wear and tear in the different parts of a machine due to friction.

Viral diseases can occur in any age group or population. Everybody contracts viral diseases during their life, although in some cases, the virus does not cause obvious symptoms. Risk factors for catching a viral disease or developing complications of a viral disease include:

• Advanced age
• Compromised immune system due to an immunodeficiency disorder, HIV/AIDS, cancer or cancer treatment, kidney disease, or other condition
• History of chronic disease, such as asthma, COPD, diabetes, tuberculosis, or heart disease
• Malnourishment
• Not getting enough rest and having high levels of stress
• Not washing your hands frequently, especially before eating or after using the restroom, or after touching common surfaces
• Sharing needles to inject drugs or for tattooing
• Unprotected sex including vaginal, oral and anal sex with a partner who has had one or more other sexual partners
• Young age including infancy and elementary-school-age children

In some people, viral diseases can break down the body’s defenses and lead to more serious infections and life-threatening complications. Therefore, it is important to visit your health care provider when you have symptoms of a viral infection. Once the underlying infection has been determined, following the treatment plan outlined by your health care provider can help reduce any potential complications including:

• Acute bronchitis
• Cervical cancer (from human papillomavirus infection)
• Dehydration
• Frequent life-threatening, opportunistic infections
• Otitis media (ear infection)
• Pneumonia
• Secondary bacterial infection
• Seizures
• Shock and coma
• Sinusitis
• Worsening of asthma

Complementary and traditional treatments will not cure a viral disease but may help to increase comfort, promote rest, and minimize symptoms of viral diseases. Some possible treatments include:

• Chicken soup to help break up congestion and provide easy-to-digest nutrients and extra fluids to help keep up strength
• Supplements or products that contain vitamin C, echinacea, or zinc
• Using a vaporizer
• Using mentholated ointments on the chest.

Echinodermata animals are triploblastic with true coelomic cavity. Echinodermata are spiny skinned organisms. Skeletons of echinoderms are hard calcium carbonates. They exhibit radial symmetry. Eg: Starfish and sea urchins

These are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and have a coelom and are primitive chordates. Protochordates possess a notochord during their early stage of development. The notochord is a long rod-like support that runs all along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut. These are marine animals. e.g. Balanoglossus, Herdmania and Amphioxus.

These are the most advanced group of animals with true vertebral column and strong endoskeleton. Vertebrates are grouped into different classes based on bilateral symmetry, notochord, dorsal nerve cord, paired gill pouches, triploblastic, and coelomate. These classes are Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia.

Mammals are warm-blooded animals with four chambered hearts. Their skin is covered by hair, sweat glands and oil glands that regulate body temperature. Mammals give birth to young ones. They have mammary glands for the production of milk to nourish their young ones. Mammals like platypus lay eggs. Kangaroos give birth to under-developed young ones that are carried in their mother’s abdominal pouch.

Eg: Human, rat and cat etc.

Pisces - includes all fish. These are aquatic cold blooded organisms and covered by scales. The body is streamlined and a muscular tail is used for movement. Fish breathe through their gills. Skeleton may be cartilaginous or bony in nature. They have two-chambered heart and reproduce by laying eggs. Eg: Torpedo, Mandarin fish, Sting ray etc.

Amphibians are cold-blooded animals. Amphibians can live both on land and in water. Respiration is by gulls and lungs. They possess a three-chambered heart. Amphibians reproduce by laying eggs. Eg: Frogs, toads and salamanders.

Aves are warm-blooded animals. Their fore limbs are modified for flight. Bones are hollow. Body is covered by feathers. Respiration is through lungs. They have four-chambered heart. They lay eggs.

Eg: Crow, Ostrich, and Sparrow etc.

Reptilia are cold-blooded animals have scales and breathe through lungs. Heart is three-chambered except for crocodiles. Reptiles also reproduce by laying eggs. Eg: Snakes, turtles, lizards and crocodiles.

Given:

\(\cfrac{{\text{x}}-3}{{\text{x}} + 4} < 0 , x \in R\)

Signs of x – 3

x – 3 = 0 → x =3 (Adding both the sides by 3) 

x – 3 < 0 → x < 3 (Adding both the sides by 3) 

x – 3 > 0 → x > 3 (Adding both the sides by 3) 

Signs of x + 4 

x + 4 = 0 → x = -4 (Subtracting both the sides by 4) 

x + 4 < 0 → x < -4 (Subtracting both the sides by 4) 

x + 4 > 0 → x > -4 (Subtracting both the sides by 4)

\(\cfrac{{\text{x}}-3}{{\text{x}} + 4}\) is not defined when x = -4

The interval that satisfies the condition that \(\cfrac{{\text{x}}-3}{{\text{x}} + 4}\)<0 is -4<x<3

Therefore,

x ϵ (-4, 3)

Given:

\(\cfrac{{\text{x}}-3}{{\text{x}} + 1} < 0 , x \in R\)

Signs of x – 3 

x – 3 = 0 → x = 0 (Adding both the sides by 3) 

x – 3 < 0 → x < 3 (Adding both the sides by 3) 

x – 3 > 0 → x > 3 (Adding both the sides by 3) 

Signs of x + 1

x + 1 = 0 → x = -1 (Subtracting both the sides by 1) 

x + 1 < 0 → x < -1 (Subtracting both the sides by 1) 

x + 1 > 0 → x > -1 (Subtracting both the sides by 1)

\(\cfrac{{\text{x}}-3}{{\text{x}} + 1} \) is not defined when x = -1

The interval that satisfies the condition that \(\cfrac{{\text{x}}-3}{{\text{x}} + 1} \) is -1 <x<3

Therefore

x ϵ (-1, 3)

Slaughter Lohman in the year 1988.

One-Time Password (OTP):

A dynamic password that is valid for one login session or transaction provides a potential security for a epayment transaction.

Brute-force attacks is the simplest attack method for breaking any encryption; that is, trying all the possible keys one by one.

Phishing is also a E-Commerce threat in which a target is contacted by e-mail, telephone or text message by someone who pretend himself as a genuine authority. They try to trap individuals to provide sensitive data such as, banking and credit card details, OTP, PIN or passwords. Once they succeed, the results would lead to devastating acts such as identity theft and financial loss.

Payment frauds:

Payment frauds have subsets like Friendly fraud (when customer demands- false reclaim or refund), Clean fraud (when a stolen credit card is used to make a purchase) Triangulation fraud (fake online shops offering cheapest price and collect credit card data) etc.

Cyber Squatting:

Cyber squatting is the illegal practice of registering an Internet domain . name that might be wanted by another person in an intention to sell it later for a profit.

Tampering:

E-Commerce has the problem of the authenticity and integrity of business information. When hackers grasp the data transmitted on the network, it can be falsified in the middle through various technical means, and then sent to the destination, thereby destroying the authenticity and integrity of the data.

18 or zero group in the periodic table contains elements that are all gases at room temperature.

In Mendeleev’s periodic table, element manganese is placed with halogens which totally differ in the properties.

Elements in modern periodic table are arrange on the basis of atomic number.

Modern periodic law:

The physical and chemical properties of elements are in the periodic function of their atomic number.

Elements in the modern periodic table are classified on the basis of their atomic numbers

The tabular arrangement of elements based on Modern periodic law is called the modern periodic table.

i. The modern periodic table is based on the modern periodic law, which states that ‘the chemical and physical properties of elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers’. 

ii. Alkali metals are very reactive because they have only one electron in the outermost shell which they can readily lose to achieve stable electronic configuration.

iii. Sodium and potassium are alkali metals. They are placed in group 1 of the modern periodic table. Elements that are placed in the same group have similar properties. Hence, sodium and potassium will have similar properties.

The Modern periodic table is also called as long form of periodic table.

Elements showing properties of both metals and nonmetals are known as metalloids .

23rd September 1600 A.D.

Avadh was a very prosperous state. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Avadh always remained loyal to the Britishers. But Britishers started to interfere in his kingdom. He was forced to keep the British army in his kingdom. After some time whole of his army was relieved and kept British army over there. Whole expenditure of the British army was on Nawab. All the relieved soldiers of army of Nawab became unemployed. In 1856 A.D., Britishers accused Nawab of mis government of Avadh and removed him. Then his kingdom was annexed into the British empire. Soldiers, formers and zamindars got annoyed with this and they took part in the revolt of 1857 in great number.

Treaty of Surjigaon was held between English and Scindhia when Scindhia was defeated in battle of Lalwadi on 30th December 1803 A.D.

General Nicklson occupied Delhi on 11th September with the help of the Sikh soldiers.

Kunwar Singh, Zamindar of Jagdhishpur

The Revolt of 1857 started at Barrackpur cantonment, Bengal in March. A soldier named Mangal Pandey shot an English officer. He was hanged for this crime. This incident inspired his fellow soldiers with patriotic feelings and they later joined the revolt against the British on 10th May, 1857.

Following are the reasons of taking part of Indian soldiers in the Revolt of 1857 A.D. :

1. In 1856, one law was passed according to which soldiers could be sent beyond the sea in a war. But in Hindu religion, it was considered that going beyond the sea is against religion.
2. Indian soldiers were badly treated during the Parade. It was unbearable for the Indian soldiers to tolerate this disrespect.
3. Indian soldiers were given very less salary as compared to the British soldiers. That’s why resentment spread among them.
4. The British officers disrespected the culture of Indian soldiers in front of them. Indian soldiers wanted to take revenge of this disrespect.

Nearly 85 soldiers in Merut refused to use the greased cartridges.

Answer is (B) 6,41,000

Peshwa Baji Rao II died in 1857 A.D. But after his death, Lord Dalhousie stopped the pension of his successer i.e. Nana Sahib. That’«s why he became opponent of the British and revolted against them.

1. Young revolutionaries 

2. Patriotic 

3. Maniyachi junction 

4. India and Commonweal 

5. Press Act of 1910 

6. Annie Besant 

7. Dr. T.M.Nair, and P.Thyagarayar 

8. Justice party 

9. Act of 1919 

10. Raja of Panagal 

11. Public Service Commission 

12. Sir Sydney Rowlatt 

13. Gandhi 

14. Cheranmadevi 

15. Madras Museum 

16. Namakkal V. Ramalinganar 

17. Rukmani Lakshmipathi 

18. Tirupur Kumaran 

19. Kodikatha Kumaran 

20. Justice party 

21. The Temple Entry Authorisation and Indemnity 

22. Hindi