Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Correct option is B) Electrons

Correct option is C) 36

The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, denoted by ‘Z’.

The mass number is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons, denoted by ‘A’.

Shells: Electrons can be found only in certain energy levels around the nucleus. These energy levels are known as orbits or shells.

D) (i) and (iv)

Correct option is C) 18

Inert or noble gases: The gases like He, Ne, Ar, etc. do not react with other elements to form compounds. They are chemically inactive and known as inert or noble gases

Octet: An outermost shell that has 8 electrons is said to possess an octet.

JFW Adolf Von Baeyer (1835 – 1917):

• Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adoli Von Baeyer was born on October 31, 1835 In Berlin (Germany).
• He was interested In chemical experiments. He found a new double salt of copper.
• He studied Methyl Chloride, Uric acid, Indigo, etc. He discovered Indole.
• His ‘Baeyer strain theory of the Carbon iingW Is very famous.
• He received the Nobel Prize In 1905.

Correct option is B) Isotopes

Achara Nagarjuna (AD 931): 

• Acharya Nagarjuna was born In AD 931 in Gujarat (India). He was an alchemist.
• He knew an artel transmuting base metals to look like gold.
• He was a metallurgist and chemist. He was very famous for his book Rasevada’ Which deals with Mercury compounds.
• He discussed the extraction of costly Metairie gold, alive; etc. In bis wrItings.

B) a → 2, b → 1, c → 3

Protons are positively charged particles whose mass is 2000 times that of electrons.

A) atomic number

A) all atoms possess negative charge.

C) Isotope of Cobalt

D) Alpha particle

Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment led to the discovery of the atomic nucleus.

Nucleus: All the positively charged material in an atom formed a small dense center, called the nucleus of the atom. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.

Correct option is B) 1836

Electrons are the negatively charged particles whose mass is negligible.

Thomson discovered electrons.

 Quick lime: CaO (Calcium Oxide)

Correct option is B) electron

Mass number (A): Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, denoted by the letter ‘A’. The mass number is the nearest numerical to the mass of an individual atom.

Stable atom: An atom with 8 electrons or an octet in its outermost shell is chemically stable and does not combine with other atoms.

C) protons and neutrons

Correct option is D) neutron

Correct option: (c) Galileo

• Early European universities were the University of Bologna in 1088 or the University of Paris (1150-1170).
• the University of Bologna is considered the ‘mother of universities’.
• European universities concentrated on science and research
• Original Medieval universities arose from the Roman Catholic Church schools
• Purposes included training of professionals, scientific investigation, and teaching critical thinking and research.
• During Renaissance, the humanist ideas were slowly accepted
• Universities began preparing the student for a civilized life
• The curriculum included liberal arts such as Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic) and Quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music)

Correct option: (c) Bartholomew Dias

Father of the empirical science Galileo.

(A) Bartholomew Dias:

• Bartholomew Dias was a Portuguese explorer.
• He was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa which the Portuguese would name as the ‘Cape of Good Hope.
• Dias and his crew departed from Lisbon, Portugal in August 1487 with three ships.
• Dias’s expedition sailed along the African coast following the route of Diogo Cao who had earlier sailed along the African coast in the 1480s.
• Near the southern tip of Africa Dias’s 3 ships sailed into a dangerous storm that pushed them away from the African coast. They sailed around the tip of Africa in January 1488 without seeing the land.
• After 30 days without seeing land, he entered what he named Aguada de Sao Bras (Bay of Saint Blaise) in February 1488.
• Dias wanted to continue to India but he was forced to turn back when his crew refused to go further and the rest of the officers favored going back home.
• It was on his return journey that he actually discovered the Cape of Good Hope in May 1488.
• Dias returned to Lisbon in December 1488 after an absence of 16 months and 17 days.

(B) Vasco da Gama:

• Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea.
• His initial voyage to India was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and therefore the West and the Orient.
• This discovery is considered to be a milestone in world history.
• Vasco da Gama’s discovery of the sea route to India opened the way for an age of imperialism in Asia.
• Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut, India on May 20, 1498.
• This boosted the economy of the Portuguese Empire.
• Vasco da Gama led the two of the India Armadas, the first and the fourth.
• In 1524, Vasco da Gama was appointed as Governor of India, with the title of Viceroy, and was ennobled as Count of Vidigueria in 1519.

The industrial revolution first began in Britain in the late 1770s and first spread to Belgium followed by France and the German states and in North America.

The scientists of the 17^th century emphasized the following things:

• To prove that scientific principles established by empirical experiments are true despite time and space.
• To convert the emergent scientific rules into scientific formulae.
• To create new scientific parlance and so on.
• These efforts helped the progress of science.
• The compass, the barometer, telescope, and the thermometer were invented during this period.
• Microscopes were invented to observe various types of micro-organisms.
• Robert Boyle, an alchemist discovered that that the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportional.
• The research in physics was more focused on heat and sound.
• In zoology, a methodology known as ‘Taxonomy’ was developed to classify animals.
• Benjamin Franklin’s research was on lightning and electricity. He coined many technical terms which are used in science even today.

A) a → 4, b → 1, c → 2, d → 3

Neutron: A neutron is an uncharged particle that is part of almost every nucleus. The mass of the neutron is nearly equal to the mass of a proton.

Proton: Proton is a positively charged subatomic particle that is part of every atomic nucleus. The mass of a proton is 2000 times that of the electron.

(i) Minerals occur in the form of veins and lodes (In igneous and metamorphic rocks).

(ii) In sedimentary rocks, a number of minerals occur in beds and layers.

(iii) As residual mass of weathered material.

(iv) As alluvial deposits in ocean waters.

C) German Forces

D) All the above

(i) By the 1860s, weavers faced a new problem They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.
(ii) When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India. 
(iii) AS raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this situation, weavers couldn't pay.

(i) By the 1860s, weavers faced a new problem They could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.
(ii) When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India. 
(iii) AS raw cotton exports from India increased, the price of raw cotton shot up. weavers in India were starved of supplies and forced to buy raw cotton at exorbitant prices. In this situation, weavers couldn't pay.

Tax:

1. It is a compulsory payment to the Government. 

2. Tax payer cannot expect direct benefit after paying taxes. 

3. Tax payer has to pay the tax once it is imposed. Otherwise he/she will be penalised. 

4. The purpose of levying tax is general. Money is used for the welfare of the people. 

5. Eg: Income tax, gift box, wealth tax etc.,

Payments:

1. It is voluntary payment for getting any service. 

2. Once payment is done, the person can expert direct benefit from it. 

3. Payment need not be paid if the service is not necessary for a person. 

4. The purpose of making payments is to enjoy certain special benefits.

5. Eg: Driving license, stamp fee, fee for Government Registration etc.,

Taxes is levied by the Government progressively, proportionately as well as Regressively.

Progressive Tax: Progressive Tax rate is one in which the rate of taxation increase as the tax base increases. When income increases, the tax rate also increases.

This is known as a progressive tax:

Proportional Tax: Tax levied on goods and services in fixed portion is known as proportionate taxes. Tax amount varies in the same proportion to that of Income.

Regressive Tax: It implies that higher the rate of tax, lower the income groups than in the case of higher income groups.

That is, tax is levied uniformly at a flat percentage regardless who the purchaser or owner 

Eg: Sales Tax, Property Tax.

(d) All are correct.

(c) (i), (iv) are correct

(b) Industrial sector

Tax is a compulsory payment whereas payment is voluntary. Payment for getting any service gives direct benefits whereas payments for tax will not give any direct benefit.