Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Johannsen in 1909.

All the physical and chemical factors that induce mutation are called mutagens. UV radiation and X-rays are physical mutagens.

(D) Detritivores

Gregor Johann Mendel is called the ‘Father of Genetics’.

Mutation arising due to change in a single base pair of DNA is called point mutation.

(i) Transforming Principle 

▪ Frederick Griffith (1928) conducted experiments with Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacterium causing pneumonia). 

▪ He observed two strains of this bacterium—one forming smooth shiny colonies (S-type) with capsule, while other forming rough colonies (R-type) without capsule. 

▪ When live S-type cells were injected into mice, they died due to pneumonia. 

▪ When live R-type cells were injected into mice, they survived. 

▪ When heat-killed S-type cells were injected into mice, they survived and there were no symptoms of pnuemonia. 

▪ When heat-killed S-type cells were mixed with live R-type cells and injected into mice, they died due to unexpected symptoms of pneumonia and live S-type cells were obtained from mice. 

▪ He concluded that heat-killed S-type bacteria caused a transformation of the R-type bacteria into S-type bacteria but he was not able to understand the cause of this bacterial transformation.

(ii) Biochemical Characterisation of Transforming Principle 

▪ Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty repeated Griffith’s experiment in an in vitro system in order to determine biochemical nature of transforming principle. 

▪ They reported that DNA from the heat-killed S-type bacteria caused the transformation of nonvirulent R-type bacteria into virulent S-type bacteria. 

▪ They also discovered that proteases and RNases did not affect transformation while DNases inhibited the process. 

▪ They concluded that DNA is the hereditary material.

Energy is released mainly from Glucose

Yes. I agree with this opinion because iron molecules are essential for the synthesis of hemoglobin

Glucose + Oxygen \(\overset{cellular\,Respiration}\longrightarrow\) CO₂ + water + 30 ATP

1. Food production, energy released from glucose 

2. Dark reaction and light reaction, Glycolysis and Krebs’ cycle 

3. CO₂ + water, Glucose + Oxygen 

4. Glucose + Oxygen, CO₂ + water + 30 ATP

The process by which energy is released from glucose in cells is called cellular respiration.

the first phase in cellular respiration is Glycolysis

Some non-endocrine tissues produce hormones named as the growth factors. They are necessary for the normal growth of tissues and their repairing or the regeneration.

1. 1682 – Nehemiah Grew mentioned stamens as the male organ of a flower.

 2. 1694 – R.J. Camerarius described the structure of a flower, anther, pollen and ovule 

3. 1761 – J.G. Kolreuter gave a detailed account on the importance of insects in / pollination. 

4. 1824 – G.B. Amici discovered the pollen tube. 

5. 1848 – Hofmeister described the structure of pollen tetrad. 

6. 1870 – Hanstein described the development of embryo in Capsella and Alisma. 

7. 1878 – E. Strasburger reported polyembryony.

8. 1884 – E. Strasburger discovered the process of Syngamy. 

9. 1899 – S.G. Nawaschin and L. Guignard independently discovered Double fertilization. 

10. 1904- E. Hanning initiated embryo culture. 

11. 1950 – D.A. Johansen proposed classification for embryo development. 

12. 1964 – S. Guha and S.C. Maheswari raised haploids from Datura pollen grains 

13. 1991 – E.S. Coen and E.M. Meyerowitz proposed the ABC model to describe the genetics of initiation and development of floral parts 

14. 2015 – K.V. Krishnamurthy summarized the molecular aspects of pre and post fertilization reproductive development in flowering plants

Early maturation of ovaries and testis before the age of 9 and 10 years in girls and boys.

It is secreted by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Adrenals are known as glands of emergency.

The body glands are classified into two main groups: 

(i) Exocrine glands: The secretions of these glands are carried by ducts to a particular organ for some metabolic activity. e.g., salivary glands, liver etc. 

(ii) Endocrine glands: These glands have no ducts and their secretions get absorbed into the immediate surrounding blood circulation to reach specific organs to initiate a particular metabolic change. e.g. pituitary, thyroid.

(i) The pituitary is called "Master Endocrine Gland" because of number of hormones it produces and the control it exercises over other endocrine gland. 

(ii) It itself is under the control of the releasing- hormones secreted by the hypothalamus of the brain. Thus, there is a chain of orders : the hypothalamus directs the pituitary output, which controls the secretion of hormones by other endocrine glands.

C) Different characters in monocot and dicot plants

Isotope Uses 

(a) Carbon-14 — Used to determine the age of fossils and prehistoric objects 

b) Phosphorous-31 — Used as tracers for identifying the nutrient exchange in plants 

c) Iodine -131 or cobalt – 60 — In medical sciences for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and tumor 

d) Uranium – 235 — Used in atomic reactor as fuel

Correct option is: (A) x = A sin(ky – ωt)

A progressive wave travelling along the negative x-direction is given by y(x, t) = A sin (kx + ωt)

where A is the amplitude of the wave, k is the wave number and ω is the angular frequency.

1. Particle velocity, \(\frac{dy}{dt}\)= ωA cos (ωt – kx) 

2. Wave speed, v = \(\frac{\omega}{k}\) .

Atomic Number 

The total number of proton lying in the nucleus of any atom is called the atomic number. 

• An atomic number is the identity of an atom, changing atomic number means changing the atom. 

• Atomic number is denoted by ‘Z’. (Z = n_P) 

• For a neutral atom, no. of protons and electrons are equal.

1. Medical Science 

(a) Treatment of cancer 

(b) Treatment of thyroid 

2. In industries to check defects 

(a) To check faults in machinery.

Uses of isotopes 

(i) Uranium isotope is used as fuel in nuclear rector.

(ii) Isotope of cobalt is useful in treatment of cancer. 

(iii) An isotope of iodine is used in the treatment of goiter. 

Correct option is a. Mn²⁺

Correct Option is : (A) the number of neutrons in the nucleus

Isotopes elements have same number of protons but differ in number of neutrons.

Option : (A) the number of neutrons in the nucleus

Correct option is D) 2, 8, 1

Given : 

Isotopes of chlorine \(_{17}^{35}Cl\) and \(_{17}^{35}Cl\).

Ratio of relative abundance of these isotopes is 3 : 1.

To find : 

Average atomic mass of chlorine

Calculation : 

From the relative abundance 3 : 1, it is understood that out of 4 chlorine atoms, 3 atoms have mass 35 and 1 atom has mass 37. 

Therefore, 

The average atomic mass of chlorine = \(\frac{3\times 35+1\times 37}{4}\)= 35.5

∴ Average atomic mass of chlorine = 35.5 u

The average atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5 u.

Correct option is c. trans–1, 2–dichloroethylene

Correct option is A) 8

D) To pass electricity

B) both i and iii

Correct option is C) neutron

Correct option is C) 18

Correct option is A) 6, 7, 8

A mechanical wave is a wave motion in a material medium.

Such a wave originates in the displacement of some portion of an elastic medium from its normal position. This causes the layers of matter to oscillate about their equilibrium positions. Because of the elastic properties of the material, the disturbance is transmitted from one layer to the next and so the waveform progresses through the medium.

A simple harmonic progressive wave is a periodic disturbance in a medium or in a vacuum which propagates at a finite speed and in which the vibrations of the particles of the medium, as in a mechanical wave, or the oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields as in an electromagnetic wave are simple harmonic.

Correct option is A) Copper sulphate

Chadwick discovered neutrons.

C) Rutherford

C) 1 – electron, 2 – neutron, 3 – proton

D) all the above

Electron: Electrons were the first subatomic particles, discovered by J.J. Thomson, represented by e, having negligible mass and & unit negative charge.